MCQs on Cephalometric Parameters and Malocclusion

# Which of the following cephalometric parameters suggest skeletal class III malocclusion? 1. ANB is less than 0 degree 2. SNA= 84 degrees 3. SNB=82 degrees 4. Wit’s appraisal shows point A before point B 5. FMA is 40 degrees
A. 2, 4 and 5
B. 1, 4 and 5
C. 3, 4 and 5
D. 1 and 3

# A patient presents with anterior crowding as a result of large size of teeth in comparison to the base of mandible. This will be classified as:
A. Tertiary crowding
B. Secondary crowding
C. Third degree crowding
D. Primary crowding

# Which of the following cephalometric angles is primarily used to assess the anteroposterior position of the maxilla relative to the cranial base?
A. FMA
B. SNB
C. ANB
D. SNA

# A patient with a skeletal Class II malocclusion typically exhibits which of the following characteristics?
A. Prognathic mandible
B. ANB angle greater than 4°
C. Retrognathic maxilla
D. Point B anterior to Point A on Wit's appraisal

# Which cephalometric parameter assesses the vertical relationship between the Frankfort Horizontal plane and the mandibular plane?
A. FMA
B. Y axis
C. Facial angle
D. SN-GoGn

# What is the normal average value for the SNA angle in a Caucasian population?
A. 86°
B. 78°
C. 82°
D. 90°

# A high FMA angle (e.g., 30° or more) is often associated with which facial growth pattern?
A. Anteroposterior growth pattern
B. Horizontal growth pattern
C. Vertical growth pattern
D. Neutral growth pattern

# Which of the following describes a normal skeletal Class I relationship according to cephalometric analysis?
A. Wit's appraisal with point B anterior to point A
B. ANB angle between 0° and 4°
C. ANB angle of 5°
D. SNA=80° and SNB=76°

Which of the following cephalometric parameters suggest skeletal class III malocclusion?

 # Which of the following cephalometric parameters suggest skeletal class III malocclusion?

1. ANB is less than 0 degree

2. SNA= 84 degrees

3. SNB=82 degrees

4. Wit’s appraisal shows point A before point B

5. FMA is 40 degrees (INICET 2025)

A. 1, 4 and 5

B. 1 and 3

C. 2, 4 and 5

D. 3, 4 and 5

The correct answer is B. 1 and 3. 

Explanation:

• 1. ANB is less than $$\begin{gathered} 0 \\ degrees: \end{gathered}$$ A negative ANB angle indicates that point B (mandible) is anterior to point A (maxilla), which is a classic sign of skeletal Class III malocclusion.

• 3. SNB=$$\begin{gathered} 82 \\ degrees \end{gathered}$$: While the average SNB is around 80 degrees, an SNB of 82 degrees indicates a more protrusive mandible relative to the cranial base, which is consistent with a Class III tendency (especially if SNA is normal or reduced). In contrast, SNA=84 degrees (option 2) suggests a protrusive maxilla, which is typically seen in Class II, not Class III.

• 4. Wit’s appraisal shows point A before point B: This indicates a Class II skeletal relationship, where the maxilla is anterior to the mandible. For Class III, point B would be anterior to point A.

• 5. FMA is $$\begin{gathered} 40 \\ degrees \end{gathered}$$: FMA (Frankfort Mandibular Plane Angle) indicates the vertical growth pattern. A high FMA (40 degrees is significantly high) suggests a vertical growth pattern or an open bite tendency, but it does not directly indicate a sagittal Class III relationship.

A patient presents with anterior crowding as a result of large size of teeth in comparison to the base of mandible. This will be classified as:

 # A patient presents with anterior crowding as a result of large size of teeth in comparison to the base of mandible. This will be classified as: (AIIMS PG 2020)

A. Primary Crowding

B. Secondary Crowding

C. Tertiary crowding

D. Third degree crowding

The correct answer is A. Primary Crowding.

Explanation:

Primary Crowding refers to crowding that arises due to a disproportion between the size of the teeth and the size of the jawbones. In this case, the patient has large teeth relative to a smaller mandible, leading to anterior crowding. This is often genetic in origin and present even before all permanent teeth have erupted.

Secondary Crowding typically develops later, often due to factors like premature loss of primary teeth, leading to mesial migration of posterior teeth and a reduction in arch length for the erupting permanent teeth.

Tertiary Crowding (also known as late adult crowding) usually occurs in late adolescence or early adulthood, often involving the lower anterior teeth, and its exact etiology is multifactorial but can involve late mandibular growth, mesial drift, and eruption of third molars.

Third-degree crowding is not a standard classification of crowding etiology; rather, crowding is often quantified as mild, moderate, or severe, sometimes with degrees (e.g., in millimeters of discrepancy), but not as "first, second, or third degree" in terms of cause. 

Anterior inclined plane (Catlan’s appliance) cannot be used in the following cases EXCEPT:

 # Anterior inclined plane (Catlan’s appliance) cannot be used in the following cases EXCEPT:

A. Posterior open bite

B. Class I with anterior flaring

C. Severe class III with reverse overjet

D. Anterior open bite

The correct answer is A. Posterior open bite.

The Catlan's appliance's mechanism of action involves disoccluding the posterior teeth, which is functionally similar to a posterior open bite. Therefore, an existing posterior open bite does not inherently prevent the appliance from being used to correct a co-existing anterior crossbite.

The most common contraindications for Catlan's appliance are:

1. Existing anterior open bite

2. Periodontally compromised mandibular anterior teeth

3. Cases where further proclination of maxillary anterior teeth is undesirable (e.g., severe anterior flaring if the goal is to reduce it).

4. Severe skeletal discrepancies.

Comparing the options:

• A. Posterior open bite: Not a direct contraindication for using Catlan's, but Catlan's doesn't treat it and could lead to anterior open bite.

• B. Class I with anterior flaring: Catlan's causes flaring, so contraindication if flaring is the problem.

• C. Severe class III with reverse overjet: Catlan's is not for severe skeletal problems.

• D. Anterior open bite: Strong contraindication.

The question is effectively asking for the case where it can be used. If the question implies that the appliance is generally contraindicated in all but one of the listed situations.

Given that Catlan's appliance creates an anterior bite plane, which effectively creates a temporary posterior open bite to allow the anterior crossbite correction, a pre-existing posterior open bite is not an absolute contraindication in the same way an anterior open bite is. It simply means the appliance isn't addressing the posterior open bite.

Therefore, the most logical answer as the "EXCEPT" case (where it can be used, or is not contraindicated) is A.

 

Salary Analysis of Bachelor of Dental Surgery (BDS) Graduates and General Dentists Worldwide

The Bachelor of Dental Surgery (BDS) degree is a professional undergraduate program that prepares graduates to become licensed dentists, focusing on oral health, diagnosis, and treatment of dental conditions. General dentists, typically BDS graduates or those with equivalent qualifications like Doctor of Dental Surgery (DDS) or Doctor of Dental Medicine (DMD), form the backbone of dental care worldwide. This article provides a comprehensive overview of the salaries of BDS graduates and general dentists across various countries, highlighting average, top, and minimum salaries, and the factors influencing these earnings.

Overview of BDS Graduates and General Dentists

BDS graduates are trained to perform a wide range of dental procedures, including cleanings, fillings, extractions, and patient education on oral health. After completing their degree, they may work as general dentists in private practices, public hospitals, or academic institutions, or pursue further specialization through programs like Master of Dental Surgery (MDS). Salaries for BDS graduates and general dentists vary significantly based on factors such as geographic location, experience, work setting (public vs. private), and additional qualifications.

The global demand for dental professionals is rising due to increased awareness of oral health, an aging population, and advancements in dental technology. However, salary disparities exist across countries due to differences in economic conditions, healthcare systems, and cost of living. Below, we explore the salary landscape for BDS graduates and general dentists worldwide, with specific data for key countries where available.