# What material was used in the TADs used by Gainsforth and Higley in the mandibular rami of dogs for en masse distalization of the whole maxillary dentition?
A. Titanium
B. Stainless Steel
C. Nichrome
D. Vitallium
The correct answer is D. Vitallium.
The first attempt to apply TADs for orthodontic tooth movement dates back to 1945, when Gainsforth and Higley placed Vitallium screws into the mandibular rami of dogs for en masse distalisation of the entire maxillary dentition. Unfortunately, all the screws became loose and failed within one month.
Examinations of mandibles from the sacrificed dogs displayed wide areas of bone destruction at the implantation site, which frustrated further exploration of using TADs in orthodontic treatments.
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