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Radioisotopes are used in the following techniques, except: Lok Sewa Aayog 2079

# Radioisotopes are used in the following techniques, except:
(A) Mass spectroscopy 
(B) RIA
(C) ELISA 
(D) Sequencing of nucleic acid


The correct answer is C. ELISA.

Radioisotopes were commonly used in ELISA (Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay) in the past, but they are no longer commonly used due to safety concerns and advances in technology.


In the past, radioactive isotopes such as iodine-125 and tritium were used to label antibodies or antigens in ELISA. These isotopes emit radiation that can be detected and measured to quantify the amount of labeled molecule in a sample. However, the use of radioisotopes poses risks to laboratory personnel and the environment due to the potential for radiation exposure.


Today, non-radioactive labeling methods such as fluorescent dyes or enzymes are more commonly used in ELISA. These methods are safer and more convenient, and they can provide similar sensitivity and specificity as radioisotope-based assays.

2079 Chaitra Lok Sewa Aayog 8th Level Dental Surgeon Question First Paper Key B

 1. Most accepted theory for the conduction of pain is:
(A) gate control theory 
(B) specificity theory 
(C) membrane stabilization theory 
(D) none of the above 

2. For a patient suffering from cirrhosis of liver, the safest group of LA is: 
(A) general anesthesia 
(B) ester group 
(C) conscious sedation 
(D) amide group

3. The site of action of the local anesthetic agent is on:
(A) perinum 
(B) axonium 
(C) nerve membrane
(D) epineurium 

4. Which is the most potent topical anesthetic? 
(A) Benzocaine 
(B) Tetracaine 
(C) Mepivacaine 
(D) Prilocaine 

5. Local anesthetic agent is absolutely contraindicated in:
 (A) hyperthyroidism 
(B) bronchial asthma 
(C) diabetes mellitus 
(D) hypertension 

6. The deficiency of which of the following does not affect on tooth development? 
(A) Vitamin A 
(B) Vitamin D 
(C) Vitamin C 
(D) Vitamin K

 7. Pindborg tumour arises from: 
(A) basal layer of cells 
(B) stratum intermedium 
(C) stratum corneum 
(D) dental lamina 

8. Pinpoint hemorrhage of less than 1 cm diameter are known as: 
(A) petechiae 
(B) echymoses 
(C) pinpura 
(D) pustules 

9. Precancerous potential in plummer vinson syndrome may be due to change in the epithelium like: 
(A) atrophy 
(B) hypertrophy 
(C) acanthosis 
(D) juxta epithelial hyalinization

10. One of the common side effects of dilantin sodium therapy seen in oral cavity is:
(A) stains on teeth 
(B) hairy tongue 
(C) gingival hyperplasia 
(D) gingival recession 

11. Palatal lesion with multinodular appearance with a red spot seen in centre is: 
(A) Smoker's palate 
(B) Leukoplakia 
(C) OSMF 
(D) Erythroplakia

 12. Radiographic view for diagnosing horizontally favorable and unfavorable fractures of mandible is best seen in:
 (A) OPG 
(B) Lateral oblique view 
(C) Reverse town's 
(D) Transpharyngeal 





13. The facial aspect of an intraoral film is determined by the:
 (A) anatomic landmarks
(B) concavity of the embossed dot 
(C) convexity of the embossed dot
(D) curvature of the arch

14. Sunburst appearance in the radiograph is seen in:
 (A) osteofibroma 
(B) osteoporosis 
(C) osteochondroma 
(D) osteosarcoma

15. Radioisotopes are used in the following techniques, except:
(A) Mass spectroscopy 
(B) RIA
(C) ELISA 
(D) Sequencing of nucleic acid

16. The ugly duckling stage is seen at the age of:
(A)  6-7 yrs 
(B) 9-10 yrs 
(C) 10-12 yrs 
(D) 12-14 yrs

17. Average leeway space available in each half of the maxilla is approximately: 
(A)  0.9 mm 
(B) 2.9 mm 
(C) 4.0 mm 
(D) 6.9 mm

18. Backward path of mandibular closure is seen in: 
 (A) Class II Div 2 
(B) Class I 
(C) Pseudo class III 
(D) Class III 

19. What is the sequence of extraction in Dewel's Method of Serial Extraction? 
(A) CD4 
(B) C4D 
(C) D4C 
(D) DC4

20. Enlow V principle of growth is found in:
 (A) maxilla 
(B) cranial base 
(C) maxilla and mandible 
(D) basal cranium 

21. According to Carey's analysis 2nd premolar is to be extracted if the discrepancy is: 
(A)  less than 2.5 mm 
(B) 2.5 to 5 mm 
(C) 5 mm to 7.5 mm 
(D) more than 7.5 mm 

22. During orthodontic movement of maxillary central incisor center of relation is present at apex, it shows:
 (A) controlled tipping 
(B) uncontrolled tipping 
(C) translation 
(D) intrusion

23. The maxilla develops by:
(A) endochondral bone formation 
(B) intramembranous bone formation 
(C) cartilaginous replacement 
(D) direct apposition

24. Commonest teeth involved in transposition are: 
 (A) maxillary central incisors and lateral incisors 
(B) maxillary canine and first premolar 
(C) maxillary first premolar and second premolar 
(D) maxillary canine and lateral incisor 

25. Greatest amount of growth of cranium occurs by: 
 (A) birth to 5 years 
(B) 5-6 years 
(C) 6-7 years 
(D) 7-8 years

26. Best material for duplicating cast is:
(A)  agar-agar 
(B) alginate 
(C) zinc oxide eugenol 
(D) plaster of paris

27. Hardness number which does not depend on the ductility of metal:
(A)  KHN 
(B) VHN 
(C) RUN 
(D) BHN 

28. KHN value of amalgam is:
(A)  90
(B) 343 
(C) 405 
(D) 450

29. Dominant color of an object is known as:
(A) shade 
(B) chroma 
(C) hue 
(D) value 



30. The main resin constituent of polishable composite resin is:
 (A) polymethyl methacrylate 
(B) polycarbonate 
(C) cyanoacrylate 
(D) dimethacrylate

31. Setting expansion of dental stone is: 
(A)  0.01%-0.1% 
(B) 0.06%-0.12% 
(C) 0.5%-0.1% 
(D) 0.05%-0.5%

32. The role of stearic acid in impression compound:
(A) acts as a plasticizer 
(B) acts as an accelerator 
(C) acts as a retarder  
(D) acts as a filler 

33. Hardness of which of the following abrasives is maximum:
 (A) sand 
(B) emery 
(C) boron carbide 
(D) silicon carbide 

34. Polymer-monomer proportion of polymethyl acrylate is: 
(A) 3:1 by volume 
(B) 2:1 by weight 
(C) both (A) and (B) 
(D) none of the above

35. Dental wax patterns should be invested as soon as possible in order to minimize change in dimensions caused by: 
(A) reduced flow 
(B) water absorption 
(C) continued expansion of wax 
(D) relaxation of internal stress 

36. Pit and fissure caries is seen in: (Question Asked with wrong options, this is corrected)
a) Class I 
b) Class I compound
c) Class II 
d) Class II compound

37. According to Black's classification, caries on lingual pits of maxillary central incisors are: 
 (A) Class I 
(B) Class II 
(C) Class III 
(D) Class IV 

38. The function of dentin conditioner is:
(A) it thinly coats collagen fibrils with resin
(B) it thickly coats collagen fibrils with resin  
(C) it bonds to composite 
(D) it removes the smear layer 

39. Major factor determining the efficiency of the bur is: 
(A) taper angle  
(B) spiral angle  
(C) head length 
(D) head diameter 

40. Direct pulp capping is indicated in:
 (A) no pulpal exposure 
(B) symptomatic pin point pulpal exposure 
(C) asymptomatic pinpoint pulpal exposure 
 (D) asymptomatic irreversible pulpitis 

41. The primary gutta percha cone must fill the canal wall tightly in the:
(A) apical third 
(B) middle third 
(C) cervical third 
(D) entire canal 

42. The purpose of root canal sealer is to:
 (A) seal the tubular of dentines 
(B) stimulate healing in periapical region 
(C) prevent discoloration 
(D) fill the space between solid core material and pulp canal walls

43. Endodontic retreatment:
 (A) is as technically challenging as original treatment 
(B) has poorer prognosis than original treatment 
(C) is performed only on endodontic failures 
(D) has different objectives than primary treatment

44. Composite resins are not usually recommended for restoration of class II cavities because of excessive:
 (A) occlusal wear 
(B) marginal fracture 
(C) lack of color stability 
(D) isthmus fracture 

45. A casting is maintained in position under masticatory load primarily by virtue of:
(A) cement seal 
(B) retention and resistance form 
(C) obtuse cavosurface angle 
(D) all of the above 

46. Average root surface area of maxillary first molar is: 
 (A) 433 
(B) 431 
(C) 426 
(D) 400 



47. Hinge axis located with the help of:
 (A) ear rods 
 (B) maxilla mandibular vertical relation
(C) kinematic face-bow 
(D) orbital pointer

48. Pontic should be: 
 (A) convex buccolingually 
(B) convex mesiodistally  
(C) convex buccolingually and concave 
(D) concave mesiodistally

49. Vertical dimension at rest (VDR) is: 
(A) changes throughout life 
(B) remains constant for particular individual 
(C) less than vertical dimension at occlusion  
(D)similar to the freeway space

50. Objective of full mouth rehabilitation is:
(A) to treat periodontal conditions 
(B) to minimize undue destructive stress to the tissues 
(C) to replace lost teeth 
(D) to bring in proper occlusion 

51. Kennedy classification is determined by:
(A) the most anterior tooth missing 
(B) the first tooth to be lost  
(C) the largest tooth in the space 
(D) the most posterior tooth missing 

52. The position of the upper occlusal rim in the articulator is adjusted by :
(A) arbitrary means 
(B) using face-bow 
(C) visual examination 
(D) adjusting the incisal pin 

53. A sprue in a wax pattern show be placed: 
(A) at right angle 
(B) at acute angle 
(C) at obtuse angle
 (D) depends on types of wax pattern 

54. Thickness of the die spacer should be:
 (A) 10-20 micrometer
(B) 20-40 micrometer 
(C) 40-60 micrometer 
(D) 66-80 micrometer

55. The secondary peripheral seal area of mandibular complete denture is the:
(A) labial border 
(B) buccal border 
(C) distolingual border 
(D) anterior lingual border 

56. Pocket elimination and increase in width of attached gingiva is obtained by:
 (A) modified Widman's flap 
(B) apically displaced flap 
(C) laterally displaced flap 
(D) papilla preservation flap 

57. Principal cell type of periodontal ligament is:
(A)  fibroblasts 
(B) osteoblasts 
(C) epithelial rest cells of Malassez 
(D) cementoblasts

58. Periodontal flap surgery is most difficult in: 
(A)  incisors (facially) 
(B) incisors (lingually) 
(C) 2nd molars (facially) 
(D) 2nd molars (distally)

59.  The brushing technique recommended for patients with periodontal disease is:
(A) scrub technique 
(B) sulcular technique 
(C) roll technique 
(D) circular technique 

60. What is the length of junctional epithelium? 
(A) 0.25-1.35 mm 
(B) 0.2-1 mm 
(C) 0.5-2 mm 
(D) 1-3 mm

61. Of the following form bacterial species, which is least likely to be found in plaque? 
 (A) Actinomyces viscosus 
(B) Streptococcus mutans 
(C) Streptococcus salivarius 
(D) Streptococcus sanguinis 
 
62. All are 3rd generation probe, except:
 (A) TPS probe 
(B) Toronto automated probe
(C) Foster Miller probe 
(D) Florida probe 



63. Trauma from occlusion in the absence of inflammation causes:
(A) irreversible changes in periodontium 
(B) no changes in periodontium
(C) such condition does not exist 
(D) only reversible changes in periodontium

64. Which PERIO electronic device is used to measure GCF? 
(A) periotron 
(B) periocol 
(C) periodontometer 
(D) periotest 

65. Tunneling is indicated in which grade of furcation? 
(A) Grade I 
(B) Grade II 
(C) Grade III 
(D) Grade IV

66. Early eruption of teeth is associated with:
(A) hypopituitarism 
(B) hyperthyroidism 
(C) hypoparathyroidism  
(D) hyperparathyroidism 

67. In a case of rampant caries, the ideal procedure to perform in the first visit is:
(A) diet control instructions 
(B) topical fluoride application 
(C) gross excavation and restoration of teeth 
(D) oral hygiene instruction 

68. Forcep contraindicated in deciduous teeth extraction is:
(A) root forcep 
(B) bayonet forcep 
(C) cowhorn forcep 
(D) contra-angled forcep

69. The difference between the amount of space needed for the permanent incisors to erupt and the space available for them is called:
(A) primate space 
(B) leeway space 
(C) interdental space 
(D) incisor liability 

70. A 10 year old child, has a mid crown fracture of maxillary central incisor. The treatment of choice is: 
(A) formocresol pulpotomy 
(B) conventional root canal treatment 
(C) calcium hydroxide pulpotomy 
(D) depends on radiographic finding

71. The concept which views health as "absence of disease" is called: 
(A) biomedical concept 
(B) ecological concept 
(C) psychological concept 
(D) holistic concept

72. Which of the following is a measure of dispersion in statistics? 
(A)Mean 
(B) P value 
(C) Standard deviation 
(D) Rates

73. The headquarter of UNICEF is at:
(A)Geneva 
(B) New York 
(C) Paris 
(D) Munich

74. Standard deviation and variance is a measure of: 
(A) dispersion 
(B) distribution 
(C) variation 
(D) cumulation 

75. Percentage of fluoride used in iontophoresis is: 
(A) 1% 
(B) 2% 
(C) 4% 
(D) 8% 

76. Addison's disease is due to:
(A) chronic insufficiency of adrenal cortex 
(B) chronic insufficiency of adrenal medulla 
(C) insufficiency of pancreas 
(D) hypofunction of thyroid gland 

77. Spontaneous bleeding usually seen with a platelet count of:
(A)  less than 50000/cubic mm 
(B) 5000-75000/cubic mm 
(C) 75000-100000/cubic mm 
(D) 100000-150000/cubic mm 




78. Acetone breaths is feature of: 
(A) liver disease 
(B) sinusitis 
(C) renal disease 
(D) diabetes mellitus

79. The appropriate test which shows lack of intrinsic factor in Vitamin B12 deficiency is:
(A) full blood count 
(B) schilling's test 
(C) bence Jones protein 
(D) ferritin

80. Which among the following is elevated in hemophilia A? 
(A) PT 
(B) CT 
(C) APTT 
(D) PT and APTT 

81. Which of the following drug is used in the treatment of hyperkalemia in acute renal failure? 
(A) Amiloride 
(B) Amlodipine 
(C) Captopril 
(D) Insulin 

82. The suture that maintains strength for longest time is:
(A) Dexon 
(B) Vicryl 
(C) PDS 
(D) Chromic catgut 

83. Most common primary bone tumor is: 
(A) Osteosarcoma 
(B) Multiple myeloma 
(C) Enchondroma 
(D) Ewing's sarcoma

 84. The carotid body is a:
(A) pressure receptor 
(B) pH receptor 
(C) osmo receptor 
(D) chemo receptor

85. A punched out edge is characteristic of which type of ulcer?
(A) Tuberculosis 
(B) Rodent ulcer 
(C) Syphilitic ulcer 
(D) Nonspecific ulcer

86. Which form of actinomycosis is most common? 
(A) Faciocervical 
(B) Thorax 
(C) Liver 
(D) Spleen

87. Nasopharyngeal carcinoma mostly arises from:
 (A) roof 
(B) posterior wall 
(C) anterior wall 
(D) fossa of Rosenmuller

88. The excessive formation of scar tissue is called: 
(A) fibroma 
(B) myxoma 
(C) myoma 
(D) keloid

89. Which of the cells most commonly found in granuloma? 
(A) Lymphocytes 
(B) Giant cells 
(C) Mast cells 
(D) Neutrophils

90. Long term effect of radiotherapy to oral mucosa is characterized by:
(A) epithelium becomes more keratinized 
(B) sub mucosa becomes highly vascular 
(C) break down and delayed healing, sub mucosa less vascular 
(D) no sub mucosal fibrosis 

91. A multilocular cyst of the jaw is more likely: 
(A) dental cyst 
(B) dentigerous cyst 
(C) keratocyst 
(D) simple bone cyst 

92. "Onion peel" radiographic appearance is seen in:
(A) Ewing's sarcoma 
(B) Pagets disease  
(C) Fibrous dysplasia 
(D) Osteogenesis imperfecta

93. Which one of following type of nevi do not occur in oral cavity? 
(A) Intradermal 
(B) Junctional 
(C) Spindle cell 
(D) Blue nevus 

94. Odontolithiasis is better known as: 
(A) plaque 
(B) calculus 
(C) salivary calculi 
(D) caries 





95. The chemical disintegration of enamel is referred to as:
(A) abrasion 
(B) attrition 
(C) erosion 
(D) hypoplasia

96. Fracture of condyle causes:
(A)deviation to affected side 
(B) deviation to opposite side  
(C) no movement  
(D) normal functioning 

97. According to "fusion theory", cleft lip occurs due to failure of:
(A) fusion of median nasal process with maxillary process 
(B) fusion of median nasal process and lateral nasal process 
(C) fusion of maxillary and lateral nasal process 
(D) fusion of median nasal process

98. Pain of dry socket is experienced on: 
(A) 1st day after extraction 
(B) 2nd day after extraction 
(C) 3rd day after extraction 
(D) after 7 days 

99. Submandibular space infection may arise from: 
(A) infections originating from the mandibular premolars 
(B) infection from the sublingual salivary gland 
(C) extension of infection from sub masseteric space 
(D) infection originating from middle third of the tongue, posterior part of the floor of the mouth, maxillary teeth, cheek, maxillary sinus and palate 

100. The straight elevator works on which principle? 
(A)wedge principle 
(B) wheel and axle principle 
(C) lever and fulcrum principle 
(D) apical force principle 





Lok sewa Aayog Dental Surgeon Eighth Level Second Paper Question 2079/12/04

 Full Marks: 100                    Time : 3 hours

Subject - Dentistry 


SECTION A               20 Marks

1.  How does hemophilia impact dental treatment and what precautions should be taken by dental surgeon to ensure the safety of patients with hemophilia? Discuss.   4+6=10
2. Classify fibro-osseous lesions. Discuss in detail about Paget's disease of bone.    10

SECTION B      30 Marks

3. A patient comes with the swelling of the left side of face due to carious lower first molar; which space is involved by the infection? Write about the boundaries and treatment of the buccal space infection. Also state on Gow Gates technique.      2+5+3=10
4. Describe briefly various intraoral radiographic techniques. But among them, write in detail about bite wing radiography.      5+5=10
5. Explain in detail on nonvital bleaching with note on the various bleaching agents and its mechanism. 10 

SECTION C             30 Marks

6. Describe oral habits. Elucidate in detail about tongue thrusting habit. 5+5=10
7. What are the advantages and disadvantages of using glass ionomer as a restorative material in dentistry? And, in what situations is it most commonly used? Elaborate. 4+6=10
8. State pontic in fixed partial dentures. Discuss on the selection of pontics in clinical practice. 10


SECTION D      20 Marks
9. Mention different techniques to whiten discolored tooth. Discuss about walking bleach technique.  2+8=10
10. Suggest different possible public health strategies with justifications to improve oral health of population in rural areas of Nepal.    10

THE END 



A young patient has white thickening of buccal mucosa since birth and it also occurs in nose and esophagus. Most likely diagnosis is:

 # A young patient has white thickening of buccal mucosa since birth and it also occurs in nose and esophagus. Most likely diagnosis is: 
a. accumulation of fordyces granules 
b. chronic hyperplastic candidiasis 
c. white sponge nevus 
d. porokeratosis 



The correct answer is C. White sponge nevus. 

This mucosal abnormality is congenital in many instances. In other cases, it does not appear until
infancy, childhood, or even adolescence, by which time it has generally reached the full extent of its severity. The oral lesions may be widespread, often involving the cheeks, palate, gingiva, floor of the mouth, and portions of the tongue. The mucosa appears thickened and folded or corrugated with a soft or spongy texture and a peculiar white opalescent hue. There is sometimes a minimal amount of folding present. Ragged white areas may also be present which can be removed sometimes by gentle rubbing without any ensuing bleeding. 

Organ involvement of SLE is in:

 # Organ involvement of SLE is in:
a. kidney and Lungs 
b. kidney and heart 
c. lungs and heart 
d. heart and spleen 


The correct answer is B. Kidney and heart.

Systemic lupus erythematosus is a serious cutaneous-systemic disorder which characteristically manifests repeated remissions and exacerbations. This disease has its peak age of onset at about 30 years in females but about 40 years in males. The disease may occur in childhood as reported by Jacobs. Prevalence rates are higher in females than in males. A female-to-male ratio of approximately 2 : 1 occurs before puberty, and a ratio of 4 : 1 occurs after puberty.

The generalized manifestations of the systemic disease are referable to the involvement of various organs, including the kidney and heart. In the kidney, fibrinoid thickening of glomerular capillaries occurs, producing the characteristic ‘wire loops,’ which may be sufficient to result in renal insufficiency. The heart may suffer from an atypical endocarditis involving the valves, as well as fibrinoid degeneration of the epicardium and myocardium. The widespread tissue involvement and the nature of the lesions have led to the inclusion of this disease in that group known as the ‘collagen diseases,’ which also includes rheumatic fever, rheumatoid arthritis, polyarteritis nodosa, scleroderma and dermatomyositis.


Prodromal symptom of OSMF:

 # Prodromal symptom of OSMF:
a. hypersalivation 
b. dryness of mouth 
c. both of the above 
d. none of the above 



The correct answer is C. Both of the above.

Prodromal Symptoms (Early OSF):
 This includes a burning sensation in the mouth when consuming spicy food, appearance of blisters especially on the palate, ulcerations or recurrent generalized inflammation of the oral mucosa,
excessive salivation, defective gustatory sensation and dryness of the mouth. There are periods of exacerbation manifested by the appearance of small vesicles in the cheek and palate. The intervals between such exacerbation vary from three months to one year. Focal vascular dilatations manifest
clinically as petechiae in the early stages of the disease. This may be part of a vascular response due to hypersensitivity of the oral mucosa towards some external irritant like arecanut products. Petechiae are observed in about 22% of OSF cases (Rajendran, 1994), mostly on the tongue followed by the labial and buccal mucosa with no sign of blood dyscrasias or systemic disorders. Pain in areas where submucosal fibrotic bands are developing when palpated is a useful clinical test. Histologically, they revealed a slightly hyperplastic epithelium, sometimes atrophic with numerous dilated and blood-filled capillaries juxtaepithelially. The inflammatory cells seen are mainly lymphocytes, plasma cells and occasional eosinophils. The presence together of large numbers of lymphocytes and fibroblasts as well as plasma cells in moderate numbers, suggests the importance of a sustained lymphocytic infiltration in the maintenance of the tissue reaction in OSF. 

Pathergy test is done in:

# Pathergy test is done in: 
a. bechet syndrome 
b. senear usher syndrome 
c. weber cockayna syndrome 
d. epidermolysis bullosa 



The correct answer is: A. Bechet syndrome.

Pathergy phenomenon has been well known to dermatologists since it was first described in 1937 by Blobner as a state of altered tissue reactivity in response to minor trauma. The pathergy test is a nonspecific hypersensitivity skin reaction induced by needle prick that is performed to look for evidence of this phenomenon. Pathergy lesions are generally manifested clinically by erythematous induration at the location of skin trauma, which may remain as papules or progress to sterile pustules. Although the precise mechanism of pathergy has not yet been entirely elucidated, the skin injury by needle prick in patients exhibiting pathergy is thought to trigger a cutaneous inflammatory response that is exaggerated and more prominent than that seen in normal skin. An increased release of cytokines from cells in the dermis or epidermis is implicated in this aberrant reaction, which results in the perivascular infiltrates that are characteristically observed on histopathologic studies. While pathergy has been reported in numerous diseases, pathergy testing is primarily used in the diagnosis of Behcet Disease (BD).