Dentosphere : World of Dentistry

THYROGLOSSAL CYST  # A teenage girl comes to you in surgery OPD with a 4 cm size swelling on the right side of neck just medial to the anterior border of sternocleidomastoid at the level of the upper border of the thyroid cartilage. She has no complaints except mild pain at the time of mastication.  1. List 3 differential diagnosis. Thyroglossal cyst  Branchial cyst  Enlarged lymph node (at the level of thyroid cartilage, the thyroglossal cyst may be pushed slightly towards one side) 

BREAST ABSCESS  # A 25 year lactating mother, weighing 45 kgs presents in surgical OPD with complaints of painful  swelling of right breast and fever for last 12 hours, on clinical examination, breast is engorged, there is erythema, tenderness and induration in the upper inner quadrant of breast. The swelling does not yield pus on needle aspiration  1. State the most likely diagnosis. -  Acute lactational mastitis

Head Injury # A 32-year-old man was brought to the emergency by the police with history of a bike accident 3  hours ago. On examination he was confused and a lacerated wound was present on the scalp. His pulse was 120 bpm and BP 80 / 40 mm Hg.  1. Perform a primary survey on the patient.   - Write about ABCDE (Don't miss C spine collar in Airway and  Opening 2 wide bore IV cannula).

FEMORAL HERNIA  #  A 59-year-old obese woman presented with swelling in the right groin.  1. List some causes of groin swelling.  - Inguinal Hernia (direct, indirect) - femoral hernia,  - enlarged lymph nodes,  - psoas abscess,  - saphena varix,  - lipoma,  - enlarged femoral lymph node,  - psoas abscess,  - femoral artery aneurysm 

 TUBERCULAR LYMPHADENITIS  A teenage boy comes to you with multiple swelling on the neck which is around the SCM. a. Mention the important points which you would like to ask during history taking from this patient. - Presence of chest symptoms: cough, sputum production, hemoptysis - Presence of constitutional symptoms- fever, night sweats, weight loss - Presence of similar history in other family members or any members having or  previously had Tuberculosis - Any treatment history b. Write the examination points.  i. General: pulse, temperature, Respiratory rate, BP ii. Look for similar swellings in other areas iii. Local examination: - Inspection: Site, number, size, shape, overlying skin, movement with deglutition, movement with protrusion of tongue, pulsations - Palpation: a local rise of temperature, tenderness. Size, shape, surface, consistency,  margins, mobility, compressibility, fluctuation, fixity to skin or underlying structures, c...

CLICK THE SELECTED MEQs TOPIC YOU'D LIKE TO VIEW. 1. Wound 2. Warthin's Tumor 3. Tubercular Lymphadenitis 4. Femoral Hernia 5. Head Injury 6. Breast Abscess 7. Thyroglossal Cyst

WARTHIN'S TUMOR  # A 60-year-old man presents to you in surgery OPD with a history of painless slowly growing swelling in the left preauricular region for last 2 years.  1. List 4 common differential diagnoses. - Salivary gland tumor: Warthins tumor (adenolymphoma), pleomorphic adenoma - Preauricular lymph nodes - Granulomatous disease- TB, Sarcoidosis 2. Mention the examination finding which suggests the swelling is arising from the parotid. a. Pushes the ear lobule upward b. swelling in front, below and behind the ear c. Retromandibular groove is obliterated 3. Describe the method of palpation of deep lobe of the parotid. - Palpate bi-manually with one finger inside the mouth just in front of the tonsil and behind 3rd molar and the other hand behind ramus of the mandible. 4. Describe the course of the facial nerve in relation to the parotid gland. - After emerging from the stylomastoid foramen, it hooks around the condyle of mandible enters the substanc...

WOUND  1. A 9 yr old boy was hit by a vehicle while going to school a few hours back. He was carried to the  emergency in a stable state with wound on right calf.         (15 marks)  a. Define wound. -  Wound is the discontinuity or break in the surface epithelium b. Describe the local pathophysiology of wounds. - Stage of hemostasis - Stage of  inflammation - stage of granulation - stage of maturation On examination, 15 cm x 6 cm wound defect was noticed over the postero-lateral aspect of rt leg which had ragged, unhealthy margins and there was skin loss as well.  2. Classify open wounds. i. Incised wound: superficial wound with a sharp edge and caused by sharp objects less contaminated ii. Lacerated wounds: caused by blunt objects or RTA. Ragged unhealthy edges,  crushing or tissue may be present iii. Penetrating wounds: caused by sharp objects, depth of wound greater than length. Internal organs, blood vessels, ne...

Neoplasm A neoplasm, as defined by Willis, is 'an abnormal mass of tissue the growth of which exceeds and is uncoordinated with that of the normal tissues and persists in the same excessive manner after the cessation of the stimuli which evoked the change.' Premalignant / Precancerous lesion A morphologically altered tissue in which cancer is more likely to occur than in its apparently normal counterpart.  - WHO 1973 Premalignant / Precancerous condition A generalized state associated with a significantly increased risk of cancer. - WHO 1973 Potentially malignant Oral Diseases The term Potentially Malignant Disorders was recommended to refer to precancer as it conveys that not all disorders described under this term may transform into cancer.  - Warnakulasuriya et al 2007 Leukoplakia White patch or plaque that cannot be characterized clinically or pathologically as any other disease. - WHO 1973 Leukoplakia should be used to recognize white plaques of questi...

An amalgam is defined as a special type of alloy in which mercury is one of the components. Dental amalgam is the most widely used filling material for posterior teeth. As one of the oldest restorative material, dental amalgam has evolved over time and has become successful to stand the test of time. The quantity of mercury has been reduced over time and newer and newer components are incorporated in the alloy powder to reduce the corrosion of dental amalgam in the oral cavity. HISTORY Louis Regnart added mercury to the D’Arcet’s Mineral Cement mixture, which was widely used in France then, lowering the temperature required to boil the mixture significantly, and for this became known as the ‘Father of Amalgam’. Early amalgam was made by mixing mercury with the filings of silver coins. Crawcour brothers (from France) introduced the amalgam in the United States of America in 1833 which used to have significant expansion which even caused tooth fractures in some restorat...

CLICK HERE TO SHARE THIS POST...!!! This post contains 33 sorted diagrams of histopathological pictures of pathologies related to oral and maxillofacial regions. From benign to malignant neoplasms of oral cavity, salivary gland tumors, cyst and tumors of jaws and oral cavity, to lesions affecting nerves and muscles and soft tissues, it contains all you need to have a good command in oral pathology.  These diagrams were drawn with Hematoxylin and Eosin colored Pencils by Raman Dhungel during his Bachelor of Dental Surgery course on third year at B.P. Koirala Institute of Health Sciences, BPKIHS Dharan.  The slides included in this video are: Fibroma, FIbrosarcoma, Papilloma, Verrucous carcinoma, Mild dysplasia, Carcinoma in situ, Squamous cell carcinoma (well differentiated), Neurilemmoma, Neurofibroma, Oral submucous fibrosis, cavernous hemangioma, Lipoma, Lichen planus, malignant melanoma, osteosarcoma, pleomorphic adenoma, warthin's tumor, Adenoid cystic carcinoma, ...

Behçet’s syndrome is a multisystem disease that predominantly affects young males and is characterized by multiple superficial, painful “aphthous-like ulcers” in the oral cavity. However to fulfill the criteria of being Behçet’s syndrome, clinically there should be a presence of an aphthous-like ulcer in the oral cavity along with at least two of the following lesions e.g. skin lesion, eye lesion or genital lesion, etc. ETIOLOGY Etiology of Behcet’s syndrome is unknown; however, the disease is believed to be caused by some immunologic abnormality. CLINICAL FEATURES Oral lesions: Aphthous-like ulceration in the oral cavity. Skin lesions: Erythematous macular, papular, vesicular or pustular lesions in the skin; thrombophlebitis may also sometimes develop. Eye lesions: Ocular lesions in Behçet’s syndrome include uveitis, conjunctivitis, photophobia and retinitis, etc. Genital lesions: Ulceration in the genitalia, which looks similar to those of the oral cavity. Other lesi...

Pyogenic granuloma represents an over-exuberant tissue reaction to some known stimuli or injuries. The term pyogenic granuloma is somewhat a misnomer since the condition is not associated with pus formation. CLINICAL FEATURES Age: occurs at an early age. Sex: seen more frequently in females. Site: mostly occurs in relation to the gingiva, however on rare occasions, other mucosal sites may be involved. PRESENTATION • The lesion appears as a small, pedunculated or sessile, painless, soft, lobulated growth on the gingiva • Labial surface of the gingiva is more frequently affected than the lingual surface. • The lesion is often ulcerated and bleeds profusely, either upon provocation or spontaneously. • The ulcerated area of the lesion is often covered by a yellow fibrinous membrane. • The rate of growth of the lesion is very rapid and its maximum size could be up to 1 cm in diameter •Untreated lesion of pyogenic granuloma undergoes fibrosis due to decreased vascularity a...

Time: 2 Hours                             Total Marks: 125 1. Mention five points of difference between cellular and acellular cementum.    - 5 2. Mention five points of difference between primary and permanent pulp tissues.    - 5 3. Define Crest of Curvature. Describe the Crest of Curvature of a maxillary canine from all four aspects with a neat labeled diagram.    - 2+4 = 6 4. Describe six points of difference between primary and permanent human dentition.      - 6 5. Describe the labial aspect of the permanent mandibular right lateral incisor.      - 6 6. List and discuss the functions of dental pulp.    - 6 7. Mention the different types of the cementoenamel junction and discuss the formation of any one.  - 6 8. Discuss the phenomenon of formation of Hunter-Schreger band.      - 6 9. Describe lat...