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Different Types of Pain : Anesthesia. Hyperaesthesia, Paraesthesia, Allodynia, etc.

TAXONOMY OF PAIN
Terminology Description
Anesthesia dolorosa
  • It is a paradoxic pain in the region of sensory loss following an injury to a cranial nerve or a nerve root.
  • It is seen most often after surgical treatment of the trigeminal ganglion or root for neuralgia.
Allodynia
  • Pain due to non painful stimulus that does not normally produce pain.
Hyperalgesia
  • Increased response to a stimulus that is usually painful
Hyperaesthesia
  • Increased sensitivity to stimulation and does not imply a painful sensation.
  • Hyperalgesia is a special case of hyperaesthesia.
Hypoaesthesia
  • Decreased sensitivity to stimulation
Hypoalgesia
  • A special case of hypoaesthesia in which pain response to normally painful stimuli is diminished.
Paraesthesia
  • Abnormal (but not unpleasant) sensation
Dysesthesia
  • Unpleasant abnormal sensation
Hyperpathia
  • It is painful syndrome with increased reaction to a stimulus and an increased threshold; faulty identification and localization of stimulus; delayed and radiating sensations and after sensation may be present.
Causalgia It is a syndrome of:
  • Burning Pain,
  • Allodynia, and
  • Hyperpathia after a traumatic nerve lesion.
Phantom pain
  • Described as perceptions that an individual experiences relating to a limb or an organ that is not physically part of the body. For example, Limb loss as a result of either amputation following surgery or congenital absence of limb.
  • Phantom limb pain is the feeling of pain in an absent limb or a portion of a limb.

Polishing Agents in Dentistry

Agent Uses
Pumice Smoothening dentures, polishing of artificial teeth
Zinc Oxide Polishing of amalgam restorations
Rouge (Tin oxide) Polishing of noble metal alloys
Zirconium Silicate Prophylactic paste for polishing natural teeth
Chromic Oxide Polishing Stainless steel
Corundum (White form of Al2O3) Grinding of metal alloys

Most Common Sites of Some Important Pathologies : Oral Cancer, Cysts, Tumors etc.

Condition Most Common Site
Enameloma Bifurcation and trifurcation of maxillary posterior teeth
  • Composite compound odontoma
  • Adenomatoid odontogenic tumor
  • Squamous odontogenic tumor
Anterior maxilla
Composite Complex Odontoma Posterior maxilla

MCQs on Biostatistics Part 1


# Which of the following correlates highest correlation between variables ?
A. r= + 0.25
B. r= + 0.5
C. r= - 0.75
D. r= + 2

# The arithmetical average of a number of observations is called :
A. Mean
B. Median
C. Range
D. All of the above

# Which of the following is not a measure of central tendency ?
A. Mean
B. Mode
C. Range
D. Median

# The levels of nicotine in 6 cigarettes were 13.0, 11.8, 15.4, 17.4, 31.2 and 24.3 mg. The mean of these values is:
A. 14.9
B. 15.9
C. 18.6
D. 8.4

# Father of Health Statistics is:
A. John Snow
B. John Graunt
C. Frederick Mc Kay
D. Pierre Fauchard

# Ranking students from the individual with the highest Grade points average (GPA) to the lowest is an example of:
A. Ordinal Scale
B. Nominal Scale
C. Interval Scale
D. Ratio Scale

# A random sample suggests that :
A. A person in a control group will not be a member of the experimental group
B. Any member of a group to be studied has an equal opportunity to be included in the study
C. Every nth name on a list is selected
D. Subjects are volunteers

# A stastistical test which indicates the chance or probability of an observed difference between two means occuring by chance is called:
A. Tests of significance
B. Means
C. Ratio
D. Normalcy

# Best measure for central tendency in a highly skewed distribution is :
A. Median
B. Mean
C. Mode
D. Range

# The graphic representation of frequency distribution with X and Y axis is :
A. Frequency polygon
B. Histogram
C. Pictograph
D. Pie diagram

> # A series may have all except :
A. No mode
B. One mode
C. Many modes
D. Negative mode

# The correlation coefficient can range from :
A. 0 to +1
B. 0 to -1
C. -1 to +1
D. 0 to 100

# As the sample size increases, standard deviation :
A. Decreases
B. Increases
C. Remains the same
D. May increase or decrease

# In a 3*3 table, the number of degrees of freedom is:
A. 4
B. 9
C. 3
D. 81

# Most of the values in data spread along the :
A. Mean
B. Mode
C. Median
D. Arithmatic mean


Local Anesthetic Techniques

Technique Features
1. Infiltration Also called as submucosal analgesia. Terminal branches or free nerve endings are anesthetized. Only that area into which the local anesthetic solution is infiltrated is anesthetized.
2. Field Block Large Terminal Branches are anesthetized.
a) Paraperiosteal Most commonly used technique. The solution is deposited alongside the periosteum. It is indicated widely in the porous maxilla than in the dense mandible.
b) Interosseous Means injecting directly into the bone. Painful and dangerous procedure. It is not commonly used.
c) Interseptal It is most effective in children and young adults. LA is injected into the thin porous interseptal bone.
d) Intraligamentary Most effective for anesthetizing single tooth by injecting LA into the periodontal ligament under high pressure. 
e) Intrapulpal LA is injected into the pulp chamber. The needle should be wedged firmly. 

Must know Facts about Local Anesthetics / LA

This table lists some unique properties of local anesthetic agents.

Properties Local Anesthetic
Natural local anesthetic agent
Cocaine
Local anesthetic agent with intrinsic vasoconstriction property
Cocaine
LA which is most dilating of all Procaine

List of Medical Syndromes and their Important Features

1. Developmental Disturbances
Syndrome Important Features
Parry Romberg's Syndrome
Facial Hemiatrophy
Vander Woude's Syndrome
Pits of lower lip and cleft of palate
Ascher's Syndrome
Acquired double lip + Blepharochalasis + Non toxic thyroid enlargement
Oro Facial Digital Syndrome
Cleft tongue nd clefting of mandibular alveolar process
Median Cleft Face Syndrome
Hypertelorism + Median cleft of premaxilla, palate + Cranium bifidum occultum
Meischer's Syndrome
Cheilitis granulomatosa