Dentosphere : World of Dentistry

 # Hesitation cuts are seen in a case of: A. Homicide  B. Suicide C. Accident  D. Fall from height The correct answer is B. Suicide. Hesitation cuts/marks or tentative cuts or trial wounds: These cuts are multiple, small, and superficial often involving only the skin, and are seen at the beginning of the incised wound, presumably hesitating while gaining the courage to make a final decisive cut. - A person who commits suicide exposes his body by opening his clothes and then inflicts the wounds. - When a safety razor blade is used, unintentional cuts are found on the fingers where the blade has been gripped. - Most people have a vague knowledge of anatomy and do not know where to cut a major blood vessel, and may cut their forearms vertically, rather than horizontally.

 # Radiographic investigation for multiple implant screening is:  A. Intraoral periapical radiograph B. Panoramic radiograph C. CBCT D. Magnetic resonance imaging The correct answer is B. Panoramic radiograph. The primary advantage of the panoramic radiograph is that it is a screening tool to evaluate for pathology within the hard tissues. It may also be beneficial to ensure that root tips and other structures are not in the surgical site. As a general rule, sinus pathology is difficult to observe on this film, and other tools are usually necessary (e.g., CT scans). When the 25% average magnification is accounted for on the film, it may categorize the patient into three different groups: (1) there is obviously enough vertical bone to place and implant, (2) there is obviously not enough vertical bone to place an implant, or  (3) the amount of vertical bone necessary to place an implant is not obvious. Advantages of panoramic radiograph • Easy identification of opposing lan...

 # Most common mode of transmission in nosocomial infections is by: A. Contact transmission B. Droplet transmission C. Airborne transmission D. Vector borne transmission The correct answer is A. Contact transmission. A hospital-acquired infection, also known as a nosocomial infection (from the Greek nosokomeion, meaning "hospital"), is an infection that is acquired in a hospital or other health care facility. To emphasize both hospital and nonhospital settings, it is sometimes instead called a healthcare–associated infection. Such an infection can be acquired in hospital, nursing home, rehabilitation facility, outpatient clinic, diagnostic laboratory or other clinical settings.  Main Roots of Transmission I) Contact Transmission:  The most important and frequent mode of transmission of nosocomial infections is by direct contact. II) Droplet transmission:  Transmission occurs when droplets containing microbes from the infected person are propelled a short distanc...

 # Provision for good housing conditions comes under: A. Rehabilitation B. Specific protection C. Disability limitation D. Health promotion The correct answer is D. Health Promotion. The relation between the residential environment and health is multidimensional and complex. It is possible not only to determine whether housing promotes or hinders health and quality of life, but also how the health of an individual can influence her/his housing conditions. Housing conditions, and homelessness in particular, are key components in the chain of explanatory factors linking poverty and inequality to health status. Housing is an important determinant of quality of life. It can influence health promotion. The multiple components of housing units and their surroundings need to be considered in terms of their potential and effective contribution to the physical, social and mental well-being.

 # Punched out lesions on the alveolar ridge is due to: a) acrylic nodules on tissue facing surface of denture b) disturbed occlusion c) overextended borders of denture d) narrow occlusal table The correct answer is A. Acrylic nodules on tissue facing surface of denture. Acrylic nodules and spicules: These are produced by acrylic resin being processed into indentations or porosity in the cast. These areas of roughness can be detected by observation of the dried denture surface and by passing a gauze napkin or cotton wool roll over the surface so that the threads catch on the offending areas. They should be carefully removed with a stone without modifying the fit of the denture. Acrylic nodules on tissue facing surface of denture cause punched out lesions on the alveolar ridge or mucosa.

 # Mixed dentition growth spurt for boys occurs at the age of: A. 8-11 years B. 7-9 years C. 14-16 years D. 11-13 years The correct answer is A. 8-11 years. Growth spurts do not take place uniformly at all times. The periods of sudden acceleration of growth spurts are known as growth spurts. The following are the timings of growth spurts: • Just before birth. • One year after birth. • Mixed dentition growth spurt - Boys : 8-11 years - Girls : 7-9 years • Adolescent growth spurt - Boys : 14-16 years - Girls : 11-13 years

 # Perineural invasion in head and neck cancer is most commonly seen in: a) Adenocarcinoma  b) Cylindroma c) Basal cell adenoma  d) Squamous cell carcinoma The correct answer is B. Cylindroma. Adenoid cystic carcinoma (Cylindroma):  The basal cells are arranged in anastomosing cords or a duct-like pattern, the central portion of may contain a mucoid material , producing the typical cibriform or Swiss cheese or honey comb pattern. Peri neural spread of tumor cells is seen.

 Surgical Management of Oral Leukoplakia: A Case of Laser Excision Dr. Soni Bista,1  Dr. Rebicca Ranjit,2  Dr. Suraksha Subedi3 1,3Department of Periodontology and Oral Implantology, Gandaki Medical College, Kaski, Nepal Correspondence : Dr. Soni Bista. Email: sonibista1234@gmail.com ABSTRACT Oral leukoplakia is the most frequent potentially malignant disorder of the oral mucosa which requires definite treatment. A wide variety of medical and surgical treatment modalities have been endeavoured with varying degrees of success. Among various surgical treatments, laser techniques have helped improve surgical approaches and ultimate control of leukoplakia. The present case reports homogenous leukoplakia in an adult male treated successfully with diode laser and followed up for six months without any complications and recurrence. Thus, the application of diode laser is safe and can be effectively used as a good substitute for the management of oral leukoplakia. Keywords: Diode...

 When designing a dental clinic, it's important to consider factors such as accessibility, efficiency, and patient comfort. Here are a few key elements to consider: Reception and waiting area: This should be located near the entrance of the clinic and be designed to be welcoming and comfortable for patients. The number of seats should be made based on the estimated number of patients that typically visit your clinic every day. Treatment rooms: These should be designed to optimize workflow and efficiency, with ample space for dental equipment and easy access to supplies.  Sterilization and lab area: These areas should be designed to ensure that instruments and equipment are properly sterilized and stored. Should be separate and not easily accessible, spacious enough to accommodate an autoclave machine. Patient amenities: Consider adding amenities such as televisions, Wi-Fi, and reading materials to help patients feel more comfortable during their visit. Proper toilets and hand-...

 Dealing with patients who haggle or bargain over the cost of their treatment can be challenging. Here are a few strategies you can use to handle this situation: Be transparent: Clearly communicate the cost of treatment to the patient before any work is done . Provide them with a detailed treatment plan that includes the cost of each procedure. This can help prevent any surprises or misunderstandings after the treatment is complete. Explain your policy: Make sure your patients are aware of your payment policy , including any fees for late payment or missed appointments. Be empathetic: Listen to the patient's concerns and try to understand their situation. They may be facing financial difficulties or have other reasons for wanting to negotiate the price. Offer options: If the patient is unable to pay the full cost of treatment, consider offering financing options or a payment plan. Stand your ground: Be firm but respectful when discussing payment with the patient. If necessary, ...

A referral program is a way to encourage current patients to refer friends and family to your clinic. Here are a few examples of how you could implement a referral program: Offer a discount: Provide a discount on future services for patients who refer a new patient to your clinic. For example, offer $50 off their next cleaning for every new patient they refer. Giveaway: Give a prize to patients who refer the most new patients within a certain period of time. For example, offer a gift card to a local restaurant to the patient who refers the most new patients in a month. Loyalty rewards: Create a loyalty program that rewards patients for each referral they make . For example, offer a free cleaning for every five referrals a patient makes. Send a thank you note: Show appreciation for patient referrals by sending a personal thank you note or a small gift. Make it easy: Make it easy for patients to refer friends and family by providing referral cards or an online referral form. Remember ...

  There are several strategies you can use to try to increase the number of patients visiting your dental clinic: Marketing: Increase your visibility through online and offline marketing campaigns. Utilize social media, email campaigns, and local advertising to reach potential patients. Referral program: Encourage current patients to refer friends and family to your clinic by offering incentives for successful referrals. Special promotions: Offer special promotions, such as discounts or free consultations , to attract new patients. Networking: Attend local networking events and conferences to connect with other dental professionals and potential patients. Online reviews: Encourage satisfied patients to leave positive reviews on sites like Google and Yelp. Collaboration: Partner with other medical or dental professionals in your area to cross-promote each other's services. Improving services: Make sure that your services are up to date, with well-trained staff, clean and comfor...

 # Inflammation and bleeding on probing around an implant are usually less than with natural teeth because: A. less plaque accumulation B. less blood vessels C. dense connective tissue with type III collagen D. sulcus lining by keratinized mucosa The correct answer is B. Less blood vessels. Compared with an implant, the support system of a natural tooth is better designed to reduce the biomechanical forces distributed to the tooth/restoration and the crestal bone region. The periodontal membrane, biomechanical design of the tooth root and material, nerve and blood vessel complex, occlusal material (enamel) and surrounding type of bone blend to decrease the risk of occlusal overload to the natural tooth system. Regardless of whether gingival health is relative to success, all dentists agree that the ideal soft tissue condition around an implant is an absence of inflammation. Radiographic bone loss and increased pocket depth have been correlated with sulcular bleeding. Therefore, the...

 # Caries risk status for a DMFT score of 4 is: A. Very low B. Low C. Moderate D. High The correct answer is C. Moderate. The World Health Organization Global Data Bank (1995) shows that out of 178 countries for which data is available 25 percent were categorized as having very low levels of dental caries (DMFT 0.0 to 1.1), 42 percent as low (DMFT 1.2 to 2.6), 30 percent as moderate (DMFT 2.7 to 4.4) and 13 percent as high (DMFT 4.5 to 6.5) and 2.1 percent countries as very high, i.e. 6.6. Ref: A Textbook of  Public Health Dentistry, CM Marya

 # Parent child relationship has been described as: A. One tailed B. Two tailed C. Three tailed D. Multi tailed The correct answer is A. One tailed. The home is the first school where a child learns to behave. All the home individuals influence the child’s behavior but none so much as the mother, e.g. in case of a broken home, the child may feel insecure, inferior, apathic and depressed. Mother child relation- ship has been described as one-tailed. Ref: Shobha Tandon

 # If base of uvula and soft palate are visualized on maximal mouth opening it is referred to as Mallampati  classification: A. Class I B. Class II C. Class III D. Class IV The correct answer is C. Class III. Visualization of the amount of posterior pharynx is important and correlates with the difficulty of intubation. Visualization of the pharynx can be obscured by the tongue, which also interferes with visualization of the larynx on laryngoscopy.  The Mallampati classification is based on the structures visualized with maximal mouth opening and tongue protrusion in a sitting position. Class I: Soft palate, fauces, uvula, and pillars are visualized Class II: Soft palate, fauces, and a portion of uvula are visualized Class III: Soft palate, the base of the uvula is visualized. Class IV: Only the hard palate is visualized

 # Behavior modification is based on the principle of: A. Cognitive theory B. Classical conditioning theory C. Social learning theory D. Operant conditioning theory The correct answer is C. Social learning theory. Behavior shaping is a form of behavior modification technique based on principles of social learning. It is the procedure that slowly develops desired behavior. The behavior-shaping techniques are: • Desensitization (TSD) • Modelling • Contingency management

 # The largest component of gutta percha cones is: a) Gutta percha  b) Zinc oxide c) Resins and waxes  d) Coloring agents The correct answer is B. Zinc oxide. Composition of gutta percha cones: (Constituent - Percentage of constituent - Function) Gutta percha - 20% - Matrix Zinc oxide - 66% - Filler Heavy metal sulfates (Bismuth sulphates) - 11% - Radio opacifier Waxes or resins - 3% - Plasticizer

 # CSF rhinorrhea is due to: A. Nasal fracture B. Guerin’s fracture C. Dural tear D. Condylar fracture The correct answer is C. Dural tear. CSF rhinorrhoea is the result of a dural tear associated with a fracture of the cribriform plate of the ethmoid in Lefort II and III fractures. Cerebrospinal Otorrhoea is due to a fracture of the petrous part of the temporal bone. CSF mixed with blood produces a double ring (Tramline effect) if dropped on a hospital sheet or pillow.

 # A person has problem of bad odor of mouth. His gingiva is healthy. Other possible cause for this could be: a) Indigestion  b) Chronic sinusitis c) Alcohol intake  d) Diabetes mellitus The correct answer is B. Chronic sinusitis. ENT causes of halitosis include acute pharyngitis, chronic sinusitis and post nasal drip.

 # The ‘hanging drop appearance’ in the maxillary sinus radiograph indicates: a) A nasal polyp  b) A blow out fracture of the orbit c) A radiograph artifact  d) An antrolith The correct answer is B. A blow-out fracture of the orbit. Orbital blow out fracture occurs when a rounded object struck the protruding eyeball resulting in a fracture of the orbital floor. "Blow in" fracture is due to inward buckling of the orbital floor. It usually occurs in children and results from trauma to the inferior orbital rim. Hanging drop sign is best seen in the Water's projection of the face. Characteristics of blow out fracture: • Rupture of infraorbital plate and herniation of orbital contents into the maxillary antrum • Fracture of the orbital floor into the maxillary antrum without the involvement of the orbital rim • Restriction of lateral and upward movement of the eyeball • Enophthalmos and profound diplopia • Hanging drop appearance in the radiograph

 # Microabrasion is a procedure in clinical orthodontics performed to: a) Clean the bracket base b) Clean the arch wire c) Polishing the bracket d) Removal of white spot lesions. The correct answer is D. Removal of white spot lesions. Microabrasion is a method used to remove surface stains or defects. Enamel microabrasion is a minimally invasive technique for improving the appearance of teeth with superficial enamel irregularities and discoloration defects.  Tooth enamel defects amenable to microabrasion are brown or white stains or spots associated with conditions such as enamel fluorosis, hypomineralisation, decalcified areas around orthodontic brackets, or other intrinsic factors that do not respond to bleaching alone. In fact, microabrasion may be used either prior to and/or after dental bleaching to achieve uniform tooth color for these types of difficult-to-treat teeth.

 # Best route of heparin administration when IV line cannot be established is: A. Oral B. Subcutaneous C. Intramuscular D. Sublingual The correct answer is B. Subcutaneous. Dosage: Heparin is conventionally given i.v. in a bolus dose of 5,000–10,000 U (children 50–100 U/kg), followed by continuous infusion of 750–1000 U/hr. Intermittent i.v. bolus doses of UFH are no longer recommended. The rate of infusion is controlled by aPTT measurement which is kept at 50–80 sec. or 1.5–2.5 times the patient’s pretreatment value. If this test is not available, whole blood clotting time should be measured and kept at ~2 times the normal value. Deep s.c. injection of 10,000–20,000 U every 8–12 hrs can be given if i.v. infusion is not possible. The needle used should be fine and trauma should be minimum to avoid hematoma formation. Hematomas are more common with i.m. injection—this route should not be used. Low dose (s.c.) regimen 5000 U is injected s.c. every 8–12 hours, started before surgery a...

 # When using supplemental fluoride, which is the most important factor to be taken into consideration: a) Mean climatic temperature b) Number of topical fluoride treatments to be given c) Amount of supplemental fluoride given by the physician and the dentist d) Age of the child and level of fluoride in drinking water The correct answer is D. Age of the child and level of fluoride in drinking water.

 Tonsil stones, also known as tonsilloliths, are small, white or yellowish formations that can form on or in the tonsils. They are caused by debris, including bacteria and food particles, getting trapped in the tonsils' crevices and hardening over time. There are several ways to remove tonsil stones, and the best method for you will depend on the size and location of the stones, as well as your overall health and any other symptoms you may be experiencing. Here are a few methods to remove tonsil stones: Gently cough: This method is effective for small tonsil stones that are located near the surface of the tonsils. Try to gently cough up the stones using a deep, hacking cough. Use a water pick or oral irrigator: A water pick or oral irrigator can be used to gently flush out tonsil stones. The water pressure can help to loosen the stones and wash them out of the tonsils. Use a cotton swab: Gently press a clean cotton swab against the tonsil stone to push it out of the tonsil crevice....

 Ludwig's angina is a serious and potentially life-threatening infection that affects the tissues of the floor of the mouth. It is a type of cellulitis, which is a spreading infection of the skin and subcutaneous tissues. The condition is named after Carl Friedrich Wilhelm Ludwig, a German physician who described the condition in 1836. The infection usually starts with inflammation and infection of the submandibular salivary glands, which are located just below the jawbone but can quickly spread to the surrounding tissues, including the tongue, the floor of the mouth, and the neck. Symptoms of Ludwig's angina can include: severe pain and swelling in the jaw, tongue, and neck difficulty swallowing and speaking drooling fever and chills swollen lymph nodes in the neck difficulty breathing (due to the swelling in the neck) Ludwig's angina is considered a medical emergency, and prompt treatment is essential to prevent potentially life-threatening complications, such as airway ...

 Anemia is a condition characterized by a deficiency of red blood cells or hemoglobin, the protein in red blood cells that binds to oxygen and carries it to the body's tissues. One of the common signs of anemia is fatigue and weakness, as the body's tissues are not getting enough oxygen. Other signs of anemia can include pale skin, shortness of breath, and a rapid or irregular heartbeat. Leukemia is a type of cancer that affects the blood and bone marrow, leading to an overproduction of abnormal white blood cells. Oral symptoms associated with anemia can include dry mouth, sore tongue, and a burning or tingling sensation in the tongue and mouth. The gums may appear pale, and there may be small, shallow ulcers or sores on the tongue and inside of the cheeks. Anemia can also cause difficulty swallowing and a loss of taste. In the case of leukemia, oral symptoms can include the following: Petechiae: Tiny red or purple spots on the gums, the roof of the mouth, and the buccal mucos...

 # The dentin desensitizing agent that acts by precipitating proteins in the dentinal tubular fluid is: a) Strontium Chloride  b) Potassium oxalate c) Fluoride  d) Hydroxyethyl methacrylate The correct answer is A. Strontium chloride. Dentin Desensitizers act by: i) Desensitization of intradental nerves or inhibit or prevent transmission of the stimulus itself. Eg: Potassium salts like nitrate, chloride and citrate. ii) Occlusion of the dentinal tubules a) Precipitation of proteins: • Silver nitrate • Zinc chloride • Strontium chloride b) Plugging of dentinal tubules • Salts of fluorides and oxalates • Bioglass c) Dentin adhesive sealers • Varnish • GIC • Composites • Dentin bonding agents iii) Lasers: • Nd-YAG-act by occlusion of tubules • GaAlA (Gallium Aluminium Arsenide laser act by affecting the neural transmission)

 # Bald tongue due to vitamin B12 deficiency is called as: A. Moeller’s glossitis B. Benign migratory glossitis C. Strawberry tongue D. Gingivostomatitis The correct answer is A. Moeller's glossitis. Pernicious Anemia, or Addison's anemia or Biermer's anemia • Seen due to deficiency of Vit. B12 or Erythrocyte maturation factor or extrinsic factor. • Peripheral neuropathy due to degeneration of posterior and lateral tracts of the spinal cord with loss of nerve fibers and degeneration of myelin sheath is seen. • Tongue is "beefy red" in color and characteristically shows glossitis, glossodynia, and glossopyrosis. • There is gradual atrophy of papillae of the tongue resulting in a "bald" tongue which is often referred to as Hunter's glossitis or Moeller's glossitis which is similar to the "bald tongue of sandwith" seen in pellagra.  • RBC count of < 1 million, macrocytosis, poikilocytosis, polychromatophilic cells, stippled cells, nucle...

 # Enzyme responsible for breakdown of ground substance is: a) Hyaluronidase  b) Coagulase c) Phosphorylase  d) Acid phosphatase The correct answer is A. Hyaluronidase. Collagenase is responsible for the breakdown of periodontal fibers in periodontitis. It is released by bacteria (P. gingivalis mostly), polymorpho-nuclear leukocytes, and some populations of fibroblasts. Hyaluronidase causes the breakdown of ground substances and helps in the spread of inflammation (cellulitis).

 # Rapid maxillary expansion is not indicated after: a) 6 years  b) 9 years c) 12 years  d) 15 years The correct answer is D. 15 years. Rapid maxillary expansion should be initiated prior to the ossification of the mid-palatal suture. The time of ossification of the mid-palatal suture is about 16 years in girls and 18 years in boys with a broad range of 15-27 years. Contraindications of Rapid maxillary expansion: • Single tooth crossbites • In adults with severe anteroposterior skeletal discrepancies. • Vertical growers • Periodontally weak conditions The retention period following rapid maxillary expansion should be at least 3 - 6 months. In slow expansion, the maxillary arch is expanded at a rate of 0.5 - l mm per week. The forces generated in slow expansion procedures are 2-4 pounds while it is 10-20 pounds (1 pound = 450 gms) in RME. In rapid maxillary expansion, the treatment is completed in 1-2 weeks whereas in the slow expansion it may take as much as 2-5 months.

 # Gubernacular canal guides the eruption of: a) Primary teeth  b) Permanent teeth c) First molar d) Third molar The correct answer is B. Permanent teeth.  Actually the correct answer is Succedaneous teeth. Because, not all permanent teeth have a gubernacular canal. The gubernacular canal and cord help in guiding the permanent teeth during the process of eruption. Except molars, all the permanent teeth (incisors, canines, and premolars) are known as succedaneous teeth because they take the place of their primary predecessors. Permanent molars are not succedaneous teeth, as they develop from the distal extension of the dental lamina. Successional lamina, which is present on the lingual side of primary dental lamina, is absent for permanent molars.

 # Chronic burrowing ulcer is caused by: a) Microaerophilic streptococci b) Peptostreptococcus c) Streptococcus viridans  d) Streptococcus pyogenes The correct answer is A. Microaerophilic Streptococci. Chronic burrowing type of ulcer is due to symbiotic action of microaerophilic non-haemolytic streptococci and hemolytic Staphylococcus aureus. Clinically it is undermined ulcer with lot of granulation tissue in the floor. This condition is painful, toxaemic and the general condition of the patient deteriorates without treatment. Radical drainage is necessary for cure, antibiotics alone being useless. 

 Name of Dental Clinic: Dhangadi Sanjeevani Dental Address (Full): Dhangadi Kailali Year of Establishment: 2079 Name of the chief Dental Surgeon: Dr. Amrit Raj Jaishi CONTACT NUMBER: 9860644282 NMC Number of Dental Surgeon: 30037 CLICK HERE TO VIEW ALL DENTAL CLINICS OF SUDURPASCHIM PROVINCE

 # Histochemical demonstration of glycogen in the cells can help in the diagnosis of: a) Malignant melanoma  b) Squamous cell carcinoma c) Kaposi's sarcoma  d) Ewing's sarcoma The correct answer is D. Ewing's sarcoma. Ewing's sarcoma also called round cell sarcoma, seen in children and young adults, is characterized by painful swelling of the involved bone, facial neuralgia and lip paresthesia. It produces an irregular diffuse radiolucency, onion-skin and sun ray appearance of bone. Histologically, the neoplasm is composed of solid sheets of round cells, arranged in Filigree pattern. Intracytoplasmic glycogen of these cells helps in the differentiation from reticulum cell sarcoma.

PGCEE MDS 2022  # Degree of color saturation is called: A. Hue B. Value C. Chroma D. Translucency The correct answer is C. Chroma. Hue is the specific color produced by a specific wavelength of light. It describes the dominant color of an object, for example, red, green, or blue. Value (Brilliance) is the lightness or darkness of an object. Lighter-shaded objects are with the highest value and dark-shaded objects are with a lower value. Saturation (Chroma) is the amount of color per unit area of an object. Chroma represents the degree of saturation of a particular hue. For example, some teeth appear more yellow than others. Translucency is the property of an object that permits the passage of light through it but does not give any distinguishable image. Metamerism: Objects that appear to be color matched under one type of light may appear different under another light source. This phenomenon is called metamerism.

# Poor accessibility is the main disadvantage of which flap? a) Trapezoid b) Envelope c) Semilunar d) Partial thickness flap The correct answer is C. Semilunar flap. Basic requirements of a flap: • Flap must be designed to provide adequate exposure to the surgical area. • Flap must have a broad base and good vascular supply. • When placed back, the flap should rest on healthy bone. Envelop flap: Incision along the free gingival margin with no vertical incision A two-sided triangular flap  is an envelop flap with a releasing incision on one side. A three-sided rhomboid flap  is a modification of a two-sided flap with the addition of a second vertical incision. Semilunar flap: is designed when the periapical area is required to be exposed. It is always kept 5 mm away from the gingival margin.

 # Bimanual palpation technique is carried out for: a) Submandibular sialadenitis b) Sublingual gland c) Ranula d) Cervical lymph nodes when they are enlarged due to inflammation The correct answer is A. Submandibular sialadenitis. During bimanual palpation of submandibular gland, one hand is placed intra orally on the floor of mouth and other extra orally below mandible.

 # Cherry-blossom appearance on a sialogram indicates: a) Mucoepidermoid cell carcinoma b) Acinar cell carcinoma c) Sjogren's syndrome  d) Pleomorphic adenoma The correct answer is C. Sjogren's syndrome. Sialographs of Sjogren's syndrome demonstrate punctuate, cavitary defects which produce a 'cherry blossom' or 'branchless fruit laden tree' effect.

 # Which of the following wires is the better choice if alignment is needed? a) Nitinol wire  b) TMA wire c) Elgiloy wire  d) Stainless steel wire The correct answer is A. Nitinol wire. TMA wires or  beta titanium wires • Used for space closure and finishing  • Used for final adjustment in torquing Nitinol   • Used for initial alignment

 # Surgicel used as a hemostatic agent for post extraction bleeding is:  A. Commercially available thrombin B. Russel viper's venom C. Oxidised cellulose D. Methyl cellulose The correct answer is C. Oxidised cellulose. Surgicel is a brand of absorbable hemostatic (blood-clotting) agents that are used during surgery to control bleeding. It is made from oxidized regenerated cellulose, a type of fiber derived from plants. Surgicel is used to stop bleeding from small blood vessels and is often used in conjunction with other methods of hemostasis, such as suture ligation and cauterization. It is commonly used during surgery to help control bleeding in areas that are difficult to access, such as the nose, throat, or inside the mouth. Surgicel is also used to help control bleeding in areas that are prone to bleeding, such as the liver or spleen. In addition to its use as a hemostatic agent, Surgicel has also been used as a wound dressing to help promote healing and prevent infection....

 # First order bends are:  a) Tipping bends.  b) Torquing bends.  c) In and out bends.  d) Anchorage bends.  The correct answer is C. In and out bends. 2nd order bends are Tipping bends while 3rd order bends are Torquing bends.

 # Papules, vesicles and macules all are seen in: a) Measles  b) Herpangina c) Rubella  d) Hand foot and mouth disease The correct answer is D. Hand foot and mouth disease.  Individuals with HFMD present with oral pain, often with accompanying fever and flu‐like symptoms (e.g., malaise, myalgia). As with herpangina, prodrome is usually absent. The oral ulcers resemble herpangina ulcers, but are more numerous. The location of the oral ulcers in HFMD also differs from herpangina and they are located anterior to the faucial pillars, most commonly on the tongue, labial, and buccal mucosa. The hand lesions are located on the dorsum of the fingers, interdigital spaces, and palms. The foot lesions are typically on the dorsum of the toes, sole, heel, and lateral borders of the foot. In infants, toddlers, and preschool children, lesions may occur on the buttocks. The skin lesions may be macular, maculopapular, or vesicular. The skin vesicles contain a clear or turbid fluid su...

 # The host modulation therapy that may be used as adjunctive therapy for aggressive periodontitis is: a) Clindamycin b) Metronidazole c) Doxycycline d) Ciprofloxacin The correct answer is C. Doxycycline. Host Modulatory Therapy (HMT) is a treatment concept that aims to reduce tissue destruction and stabilize or even regenerate the periodontium. Doxycycline hyclate is available as a 20mg capsule for use by patients twice daily. The mechanism of action is by suppression of the activity of collagenase, particularly that produced by PMNs. NSAIDs inhibit the formation of prostaglandins, including prostaglandin (PGE2). PGE2 is found to upregulate bone resorption by osteoclasts. Flurbiprofen, an NSAID, significantly inhibits radiographic alveolar bone loss compared to a placebo. A recent study suggested that concomitant administration of doxycycline and flurbiprofen may result in enhancement of the anti collagenase effects of doxycycline.  Subantimicrobial-dose doxycycline (SDD) may...