A. Hypertrophy
B. Maturation
C. Accretion
D. Hyperplasia
# The concept that growth occurs along an axis from head to tail is known as which growth pattern?
A. Anteroposterior
B. Proximodistal
C. Somatic
D. Cephalocaudal
# According to Scammons' curves, which tissue system exhibits the most rapid growth during the first few years of life, followed by a plateau?
A. Genital system
B. General body growth
C. Lymphoid system
D. Neural system
# Which theory of craniofacial growth posits that growth occurs primarily due to adaptive responses of the skeletal tissues to functional demands of surrounding soft tissues and spaces?
A. Sutural theory
B. Servosystem theory
C. Cartilage theory
D. Functional Matrix Theory
# The primary mechanism for the increase in size of the cranial vault after birth is:
A. Surface remodeling on the external surface of the vault
B. Endochondral ossification at the cranial base
C. Appositional growth at the condylar cartilage
D. Intramembranous bone formation at the sutures
# Which cranial base synchondrosis typically fuses last, continuing to contribute to anteroposterior cranial base growth into late adolescence?
A. Pterygomaxillary synchondrosis
B. Spheno-ethmoidal synchondrosis
C. Intersphenoid synchondrosis
D. Spheno-occipital synchondrosis
# Forward and downward growth of the maxilla primarily occurs through:
A. Appositional growth at the alveolar processes
B. Endochondral ossification within the maxilla itself
C. Direct bone formation at the midpalatal suture
D. Bone deposition at the maxillary sutures and surface remodeling
# Which of the following is the primary mechanism for the growth of the mandible during childhood?
A. Intramembranous ossification of the corpus
B. Endochondral ossification at the condylar cartilage
C. Growth at the symphysis
D. Sutural growth at the posterior border of the ramus
# According to Lavergne and Gasson's classification, which type of mandibular rotation refers to the rotation of the basal bone relative to the cranial base?
A. Intramatrix rotation
B. Matrix rotation
C. Total rotation
D. Alveolar rotation
# A patient with a high Frankfort-Mandibular Plane Angle (FMA) and a tendency towards an anterior open bite often exhibits which of Tweed's growth patterns?
A. Type A (Average/Mesofacial)
B. Type B (Horizontal/Brachyfacial)
C. Type C (Vertical/Dolichofacial)
D. Type D (Unclassified)
# Which pharyngeal arch gives rise to the muscles of mastication and the maxilla/mandible?
A. First pharyngeal arch
B. Second pharyngeal arch
C. Third pharyngeal arch
D. Fourth pharyngeal arch
# The primary palate develops from the fusion of which embryonic structures?
A. Two lateral palatine processes
B. Nasal septum and palatal shelves
C. Frontonasal prominence and mandibular prominences
D. Two medial nasal prominences and two maxillary prominences
# At what approximate gestational age does the fusion of the secondary palate typically begin?
A. Week 4
B. Week 6
C. Week 7-8
D. Week 10
# The primary driving force for the elevation of the palatal shelves during secondary palate formation is widely attributed to:
A. Rapid bone growth within the shelves
B. Tongue growth pushing the shelves upward
C. Intrinsic mesenchymal turgor pressure due to hyaluronic acid accumulation
D. Muscle contractions within the shelves
# Programmed cell death (apoptosis) plays a crucial role in the fusion of the palatal shelves by eliminating which specific tissue?
A. Nasal septal cartilage
B. Medial edge epithelium (MEE)
C. Mesenchymal cells of the shelves
D. Oral epithelial cells on the superior surface
# Which of the following maternal conditions during pregnancy is a known environmental factor that increases the risk of cleft palate?
A. Maternal anemia
B. Use of certain anticonvulsant medications (e.g., phenytoin)
C. Maternal hypothyroidism
D. Excessive intake of Vitamin C
# The neonatal line in enamel and dentin is formed as a result of:
A. Physiological stress associated with birth
B. Genetic predisposition for enamel hypoplasia
C. Trauma during eruption of primary teeth
D. Pre-natal systemic illness
# Which of the following conditions would typically lead to a thinner or less distinct neonatal line?
A. Diabetic mother
B. Low birth weight
C. Elective Caesarean section delivery
D. Asphyxia in the newborn