Dentosphere : World of Dentistry

 # In a trauma patient with intraoral bleeding, best way to secure airway is: A. Awake blind intubation B. Awake fibreoptic intubation C. Tracheostomy D. Cricothyroidotomy The correct answer is: D. Cricothyroidotomy Explanation: In a trauma patient with intraoral bleeding , maintaining a secure airway is critical because blood in the oral cavity can obstruct visualization and aspiration can compromise the airway. Here's why cricothyroidotomy is the best option in this scenario: Challenges with intubation in intraoral bleeding : Awake blind intubation (Option A) is highly unreliable due to the inability to visualize the airway and the presence of blood. Awake fibreoptic intubation (Option B) may not be feasible in this case because the blood obstructs the fibreoptic scope's view, making the procedure very difficult.  Although performing fiber-optic intubation under local anesthesia for achieving successful endotracheal intubation is one of the recommended methods in situat...

 # Patients with organ transplants are most frequently infected with: A. Hepatitis A B. Hepatitis B C. CMV D. EBV The correct answer is: C. CMV (Cytomegalovirus) Explanation: Cytomegalovirus (CMV) is the most common opportunistic infection in patients with organ transplants. This is because immunosuppressive therapy, which is necessary to prevent organ rejection, compromises the immune system, making the patient more vulnerable to infections. CMV in transplant patients: It can cause severe complications, including fever, gastrointestinal disease, pneumonitis, hepatitis, and graft rejection. Reactivation of latent CMV or primary infection (from donor tissue or environmental exposure) is common. Other options: Hepatitis A: Rarely an issue in transplant patients since it does not become chronic and typically resolves without major complications. Hepatitis B: Can cause complications in transplant patients, but it is less frequent than CMV. Pre-transplant screening and antiviral prophyl...

 # Which of the following hormones increase the sensitivity of heart to epinephrine? A. Parathyroid B. Insulin C. Thyroid D. Glucagon The correct answer is: C. Thyroid Explanation: Thyroid hormones (primarily T3 and T4 ) increase the sensitivity of the heart to catecholamines, including epinephrine . This effect is due to: Increased β-adrenergic receptor density: Thyroid hormones upregulate the expression of β-adrenergic receptors in the heart, enhancing responsiveness to epinephrine and norepinephrine. Increased myocardial contractility and heart rate: By amplifying the effects of catecholamines, thyroid hormones contribute to increased cardiac output and sympathetic tone. Other options: A. Parathyroid hormone (PTH): This hormone regulates calcium and phosphate metabolism, with no direct role in cardiac sensitivity to epinephrine. B. Insulin: While insulin affects glucose metabolism and has some cardiovascular effects, it does not directly increase heart sensitivity to epinep...

 # Most common cause of multiple fetal anomalies is: A. Syphilis B. Tetracycline C. Rubella D. Rubeola The correct answer is C. Rubella. The correct answer is: C. Rubella Explanation: Rubella, especially when contracted during the first trimester of pregnancy, is a significant cause of multiple fetal anomalies . This is due to its teratogenic effects, which can result in congenital rubella syndrome (CRS) . The anomalies caused by CRS can include: Cardiac defects (e.g., patent ductus arteriosus, pulmonary artery stenosis) Ocular defects (e.g., cataracts, retinopathy, glaucoma) Auditory defects (e.g., sensorineural hearing loss) Neurological defects (e.g., microcephaly, developmental delays) Other options: A. Syphilis : Can cause congenital syphilis with specific anomalies (e.g., skeletal deformities, Hutchinson teeth), but it is not the most common cause of multiple fetal anomalies. B. Tetracycline : Causes specific anomalies, mainly involving dental staining and hypoplasia, no...

 # Mean diameter of inferior alveolar nerve is: A. 10 mm B. 4.7 mm C. 8 mm D. 1.7 mm The correct answer is B. 4.7 mm. The inferior alveolar nerve is a branch of the mandibular nerve (the third division of the trigeminal nerve), responsible for providing sensory innervation to the lower teeth, chin, and lower lip. Its diameter is significant in clinical practices like dental anesthesia, nerve preservation during surgeries, and implant placement. The mean diameter of 4.7 mm reflects the nerve's size as it travels through the mandibular canal. Inferior Alveolar – exits the mental foramen as the mental nerve and continues as the incisive nerve. ● The nerve to mylohyoid is a motor and sensory branch of the inferior alveolar nerve ● The nerve to anterior belly of the digastric muscle is a motor branch of the inferior alveolar nerve