Dentosphere : World of Dentistry

Property Acrylic Teeth Porcelain Teeth Abrasion Resistance Low High Adjustability Easy Difficult Bonding Chemical Mechanical Staining Easily stained Does not stain Percolation Absent when acrylic denture base is used Present when acrylic denture base is used Clicking Sound Absent Present Ease of Fabrication Easy Difficult Ease of rebasing Difficult to remove acrylic teeth Esay to remove porcelain teeth Trauma to dental bearing area Less More

Anatomical Landmarks in Maxilla and Mandible for  Complete Denture  Fabrication MAXILLA Primary Stress bearing area Residual alveolar ridge Secondary stress bearing area Rugae or anterior hard palate Maxillary Tuberosity Tertiary stress bearing area and secondary retentive area Posterolateral part of the hard palate Relieving areas Incisive papilla Mid palatine raphe Cuspid eminence Fovea palatinea Primary retentive area Posterior palatal seal area MANDIBLE Primary stress bearing area Buccal shelf area Secondary stress bearing area Slopes of edentulous ridges Primary retentive and primary peripheral seal area Retromolar pad Secondary peripheral seal area Anterior lingual border Relief areas Crest of the residual ridge Mental foramen Mylohyoid ridge

Type Properties Conventional Composite Contain filler particle size of 8-12 micrometers It is the composite with largest filler size High strength and hardness Less water soprtion and Coefficient of thermal expansion Polishing is difficult and results in rough surface that tends to retain stains Micro filled Composite Contain smallest filler particles of size 0.04 - 0.4 micrometers Colloidal silica is used as a filler It has lowest filler content of 50% weight Lowest strength and hardness Highest thermal expansion coefficient and water sorption Excellent esthetics due to the increased smoothness Small Particle Contain filler particles of size 1 - 5 micrometers It has good surface smoothness like microfilled composites and improved physical properties like conventional composite It has the highest compressive strength of all composites Hybrid Composite It has filler particle size of 0.6 - 1 micrometer They have smooth finish and bett...

TAXONOMY OF PAIN Terminology Description Anesthesia dolorosa It is a paradoxic pain in the region of sensory loss following an injury to a cranial nerve or a nerve root. It is seen most often after surgical treatment of the trigeminal ganglion or root for neuralgia. Allodynia Pain due to non painful stimulus that does not normally produce pain. Hyperalgesia Increased response to a stimulus that is usually painful Hyperaesthesia Increased sensitivity to stimulation and does not imply a painful sensation. Hyperalgesia is a special case of hyperaesthesia. Hypoaesthesia Decreased sensitivity to stimulation Hypoalgesia A special case of hypoaesthesia in which pain response to normally painful stimuli is diminished. Paraesthesia Abnormal (but not unpleasant) sensation Dysesthesia Unpleasant abnormal sensation Hyperpathia It is painful syndrome with increased reaction to a stimulus and an increased threshold; fault...

Agent Uses Pumice Smoothening dentures, polishing of artificial teeth Zinc Oxide Polishing of amalgam restorations Rouge (Tin oxide) Polishing of noble metal alloys Zirconium Silicate Prophylactic paste for polishing natural teeth Chromic Oxide Polishing Stainless steel Corundum (White form of Al2O3) Grinding of metal alloys

Condition Most Common Site Enameloma Bifurcation and trifurcation of maxillary posterior teeth Composite compound odontoma Adenomatoid odontogenic tumor Squamous odontogenic tumor Anterior maxilla Composite Complex Odontoma Posterior maxilla

# Which of the following correlates highest correlation between variables ? A. r= + 0.25 B. r= + 0.5 C. r= - 0.75 D. r= + 2 # The arithmetical average of a number of observations is called : A. Mean B. Median C. Range D. All of the above # Which of the following is not a measure of central tendency ? A. Mean B. Mode C. Range D. Median # The levels of nicotine in 6 cigarettes were 13.0, 11.8, 15.4, 17.4, 31.2 and 24.3 mg. The mean of these values is: A. 14.9 B. 15.9 C. 18.6 D. 8.4 # Father of Health Statistics is: A. John Snow B. John Graunt C. Frederick Mc Kay D. Pierre Fauchard # Ranking students from the individual with the highest Grade points average (GPA) to the lowest is an example of: A. Ordinal Scale B. Nominal Scale C. Interval Scale D. Ratio Scale # A random sample suggests that : A. A person in a control group...

Technique Features 1. Infiltration Also called as submucosal analgesia. Terminal branches or free nerve endings are anesthetized. Only that area into which the local anesthetic solution is infiltrated is anesthetized. 2. Field Block Large Terminal Branches are anesthetized. a) Paraperiosteal Most commonly used technique. The solution is deposited alongside the periosteum. It is indicated widely in the porous maxilla than in the dense mandible. b) Interosseous Means injecting directly into the bone. Painful and dangerous procedure. It is not commonly used. c) Interseptal It is most effective in children and young adults. LA is injected into the thin porous interseptal bone. d) Intraligamentary Most effective for anesthetizing single tooth by injecting LA into the periodontal ligament under high pressure.  e) Intrapulpal LA is injected into the pulp chamber. The needle should be wedged firmly. 

This table lists some unique properties of local anesthetic agents. Properties Local Anesthetic Natural local anesthetic agent Cocaine Local anesthetic agent with intrinsic vasoconstriction property Cocaine LA which is most dilating of all Procaine

1. Developmental Disturbances Syndrome Important Features Parry Romberg's Syndrome Facial Hemiatrophy Vander Woude's Syndrome Pits of lower lip and cleft of palate Ascher's Syndrome Acquired double lip + Blepharochalasis + Non toxic thyroid enlargement Oro Facial Digital Syndrome Cleft tongue nd clefting of mandibular alveolar process Median Cleft Face Syndrome Hypertelorism + Median cleft of premaxilla, palate + Cranium bifidum occultum Meischer's Syndrome Cheilitis granulomatosa

The Setting time of some of the dental materials is listed in the table below. Material Setting time Fast setting alginates 1-2 minutes Normal setting alginates 2.5 - 4 minutes Alginate (Optimal) 3-4 minutes Impression plaster 4 minutes

# All of the following statements about inhaled tooth fragment are true except: A. It usually enters in the right bronchus B. It may cause lung abscess C. It may cause bronchiectasis D. It will be coughed out spontaneously, no treatment is necessary # Rotatory movement is used for the extraction of the : A. Mandibular canine B. Maxillary central incisor C. Maxillary lateral incisor D. All of the above

Important Signs and their significance Sign Significance Nikolsky's sign ➤ Seen in Pemphigus, familial benign chronic pemphigus and recessive form of epidermolysis bullosa ➤ Loss of epithelium due to rubbing resulting in raw, sensitive surface Auspitz's sign ➤ Seen in Psoriasis ➤ If the deep scales are removed, one or more tiny bleeding points are disclosed

Treatment of ANUG First Visit ➥Removal of pseudomembrane and non attached debris after the application of a topical anesthetic ➥Patient is advised to rinse with 3% H2O2 (hydrogen peroxide) in equal dilution with warm water every two hours ➥Patients with systemic symptoms and local lymphadenopathy are placed on Amoxicillin 250 or 500 mg QID and Metronidazole 250 or 500 mg TID

Based on anatomical location of carious lesion, Greene Vardiman Black (G.V. Black) classified tooth preparations into five different classes. Later an additional class, class VI was also added. Class I refers to pit and fissure lesions, whereas all other classes are smooth surface lesions. G.V. Black's Classification of Tooth Preparations Class I All pit and fissure preparations. It Includes: ➤ occlusal surfaces of premolars and molars, ➤ occlusal two-thirds of the facial and lingual surfaces of molars, and ➤lingual surfaces of maxillary incisors Class II Preparations involving the proximal surfaces of posterior teeth  (i.e. Premolars and Molars)

Who is a Dentist / Dental Surgeon ? A dentist is a person who is licensed by the nation or state's licensing body to practice dentistry independently. He can either run a private practice or work as a government employee or an employee in other's clinic. A dentist can examine and diagnose the disease of your oral cavity, perform restorations, rectify maloccluded teeth by the use of removable and fixed orthodontic appliances, extract your tooth, provide partial or complete / removable dental prostheses, etc. The dentist deals not only with the teeth, the rest of the soft tissues like tongue, palate, buccal and labial mucosa are also dealt by the dentist. Extra-oral lesions, swellings, and tumors of the head and neck region too come to the attention of the dentist first. Some facial reconstruction surgeries, surgical correction of cleft lips and palates, implants,etc. all come under the duties of a dentist or dental surgeon.

# Myoepithelial cells are present in: A. Striated duct B. Intercalated duct and terminal duct C. Serous cells D. Mucous cells # Carmalt's glands are: A. Major salivary glands B. Minor salivary glands(Retromolar) C. Minor salivary glands (lingual) D. Taste buds

# The normal pH of saliva is about: A. 5.5 B. 9.5 C. 7.5 D. 8.5 # Of the total amount of saliva secreted by all the salivary glands, about 60% is secreted by : A. Parotid glands B. Sublingual glands C. Submandibular glands D. None of the above

The theme for this year's world health day is depression, with a slogan- Depression: Let's Talk. Depression is aptly chosen as this year's theme because it is taking pandemic proportions in today's competitive world. More and more young generations are diagnosed as having depressions every day attributing to failures in relationships, academics, careers, finances and many other seemingly inconsequential reasons. As per the WHO's definition of health, health is a state of complete physical, mental and social well-being but not merely the absence of disease or infirmity. Yes, a person may seem well from others' perspective but he may be having troublesome issues within himself. He may not feel healthy mentally. Some unknown fear, apathy, anxiety may be lurking in his psyche and he may not know to whom he should consult. It is a global necessity that every one of us understands the fact that nobody is immune to mental illness and we should not attach a stigma t...

# The normal pH of saliva is about: A. 5.5 B. 9.5 C. 7.5 D. 8.5 # Of the total amount of saliva secreted by all the salivary glands, about 60% is secreted by : A. Parotid glands B. Sublingual glands C. Submandibular glands D. None of the above # The basket cells are also known as : A. Myoepithelial cells B. Endothelial cells C. Parenchymal cells D. None of the above # The three bilaterally paired major salivary glands are located : A. Extraorally B. Intraorally C. In tongue D. In neck # The parotid glands open through the : A. Stensen's duct B. Wharton's duct C. Bartholin's duct D. Blandin's duct # The saliva is neutralised due to: A. Mucin B. Ammonia C. Amino acids D. Bicarbonates # Among various glands, salivary gland secretion is unique in that, its secretions are controlled by: A. Hormones B. Ner...

B.P. Koirala Institute of Health Sciences (BPKIHS) is a tertiary health care center and referral center in eastern development region. Thousands of patients come here every day seeking outpatient medical care. It also has got a 700-bedded inpatient ward and the largest (in terms of manpower) emergency unit in the nation. There is also a separate College of Dental Surgery(CODS) for dental facilities which consist of nine different departments. So, a large amount of general waste and biomedical waste is produced from the hospital every day.  General waste includes paper and plastic packages of medicine, wrappers of junk foods, kitchen waste from hospital kitchen, etc. and biomedical waste includes used gloves, cotton dressings and gauges, used syringes and medicine bottles, excised body parts, etc. These waste materials must be suitably disposed of immediately lest they putrefy, emit foul smells, act as a source of infection and disease, and become a public health h...