Herpes simplex type 1 virus can be transmitted in dentistry by which of the following?

 # Herpes simplex type 1 virus can be transmitted in dentistry by which of the following? 

a. Sharps injury. 

b. Contact with skin. 

c. Inhalation of infected droplets. 

d. Contact of infected material with skin or eyes 

The correct answer is D. Contact of infected material with skin or eyes.

It is estimated that out of the 80 known herpes viruses, at least eight are known to infect human beings. The herpes viruses that are known to cause infection in humans are herpes simplex virus (HSV 1 and 2), varicella zoster virus (VZV), cytomegalovirus (CMV), Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), human herpes virus 6 (HHV-6), human herpes virus 7 (HHV-7) and human herpes virus 8 (HHV-8). These viruses are usually transmitted from host to host by direct contact or through saliva and genital secretions. Herpes viruses are shed in the saliva of asymptomatic hosts.

Which of the following structures are closely related in time of development and sometimes have related malformations?

 # Which of the following structures are closely related in time of development and sometimes have related malformations? 

a. Ear and tongue. 

b. Palate and tongue. 

c. Palate and face. 

d. Face and ears. 

The correct answer is C. Palate and Face.

The human face develops early in gestation, during the fourth through seventh weeks, and the palatal processes begin to close during the eighth week. These two structures are closely related in time of development and sometimes have related malformations. 

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The condition involved with an unerupted tooth or impacted tooth is:

 # The condition involved with an unerupted tooth or impacted tooth is:

A. Dentigerous cyst

B. Mural ameloblastoma

C. Adenomatoid odontogenic tumor

D. All of the above

The correct answer is D. All of the above.

Dentigerous cyst is always associated initially with the crown of an impacted, embedded or unerupted tooth. A dentigerous cyst may also be found enclosing a complex compound odontoma or involving a supernumerary tooth. The most common sites of this cyst are the mandibular and maxillary third molar and maxillary cuspid areas.

Adenomatoid Odontogenic Tumors are seen in a rather narrow age range, between 5 and 30 years, with most cases appearing in the second decade. Females are more commonly affected than males. Lesions often appear in the anterior portion of the jaws, more often in the anterior maxilla, generally in association with the crowns of impacted teeth. 

HSV-2 virus resides in:

 # HSV-2 virus resides in:

A. Basal ganglia

B. Stellate ganglia

C. Lumbosacral ganglion

D. Otic ganglion

The correct answer is C. Lumbosacral region.

It is now well established that the HSV does not remain latent at the site of the original infection in the skin or oral mucosa. Instead, the virus reaches nerve ganglia supplying the affected areas, presumably along nerve pathways, and remains latent there until reactivated. The usual ganglia involved are the trigeminal for HSV-1 and the lumbosacral for HSV-2. Viral DNA can be demonstrated in these ganglia. Unfortunately, this incorporation of viral DNA into host DNA ensures a lifelong infection beyond the reach of antibody, cell mediated immune responses or chemotherapy.