PGCEE MDS 2022: First order bends are:

 # First order bends are: 

a) Tipping bends. 

b) Torquing bends. 

c) In and out bends. 

d) Anchorage bends. 

The correct answer is C. In and out bends.

2nd order bends are Tipping bends while 3rd order bends are Torquing bends.

PGCEE MDS 2022: Papules, vesicles and macules all are seen in:

 # Papules, vesicles and macules all are seen in:

a) Measles 

b) Herpangina

c) Rubella 

d) Hand foot and mouth disease

The correct answer is D. Hand foot and mouth disease. 

Individuals with HFMD present with oral pain, often with accompanying fever and flu‐like symptoms (e.g., malaise, myalgia). As with herpangina, prodrome is usually absent. The oral ulcers resemble herpangina ulcers, but are more numerous. The location of the oral ulcers in HFMD also differs

from herpangina and they are located anterior to the faucial pillars, most commonly on the tongue, labial, and buccal mucosa. The hand lesions are located on the dorsum of the fingers, interdigital spaces, and palms. The foot lesions are typically on the dorsum of the toes, sole, heel, and lateral borders of the foot. In infants, toddlers, and preschool children, lesions may occur on the buttocks. The skin lesions may be macular, maculopapular, or vesicular. The skin vesicles contain a clear or turbid fluid surrounded by a halo of erythema. HFMD caused by enterovirus A71 and a novel coxsackievirus

A6 genotype are associated with more severe disease patterns (Enterovirus 71: CNS disease, heart failure; Coxsackievirus A6: wider distribution, longer duration).

Ref: Burket.

PGCEE MDS 2022: The host modulation therapy that may be used as adjunctive therapy for aggressive periodontitis is

 # The host modulation therapy that may be used as adjunctive therapy for aggressive periodontitis is:

a) Clindamycin

b) Metronidazole

c) Doxycycline

d) Ciprofloxacin

The correct answer is C. Doxycycline.

Host Modulatory Therapy (HMT) is a treatment concept that aims to reduce tissue destruction and stabilize or even regenerate the periodontium. Doxycycline hyclate is available as a 20mg capsule for use by patients twice daily. The mechanism of action is by suppression of the activity of collagenase, particularly that produced by PMNs. NSAIDs inhibit the formation of prostaglandins, including prostaglandin (PGE2). PGE2 is found to upregulate bone resorption by osteoclasts. Flurbiprofen, an NSAID, significantly inhibits radiographic alveolar bone loss compared to a placebo. A recent study suggested that concomitant administration of doxycycline and flurbiprofen may result in

enhancement of the anti collagenase effects of doxycycline. 

Subantimicrobial-dose doxycycline (SDD) may help to prevent the destruction of the periodontal attachment by controlling the activation of matrix metalloproteinases, primarily collagenase and gelatinase, from both infiltrating cells and resident cells of the periodontium, primarily the neutrophils.

PGCEE MDS 2022: Preventive and therapeutic measures for dealing with the periodontal problems during fixed appliance therapy

 # Which of the following are typical and acceptable preventive and therapeutic measures for dealing with the periodontal problems during fixed appliance therapy?

a) Elimination of gingivitis prior to placing orthodontic appliances

b) Home care instruction regarding the use of the toothbrush and water pik during orthodontic treatment

c) Megavitamin therapy

d) Scaling and curettage immediately after appliance removal

The correct answer is A. Elimination of gingivitis prior to placing orthodontic appliances

Maintaining oral hygiene becomes more challenging once the fixed orthodontic brackets are placed. Pre-existing gingivitis should be treated and eliminated before placing the brackets.