Material used in TADs by Gainsforth and Higley

 # What material was used in the TADs used by Gainsforth and Higley in the mandibular rami of dogs for en masse distalization of the whole maxillary dentition?

A. Titanium

B. Stainless Steel

C. Nichrome

D. Vitallium

The correct answer is D. Vitallium. 

The first attempt to apply TADs for orthodontic tooth movement dates back to 1945, when Gainsforth and Higley placed Vitallium screws into the mandibular rami of dogs for en masse distalisation of the entire maxillary dentition. Unfortunately, all the screws became loose and failed within one month.

Examinations of mandibles from the sacrificed dogs displayed wide areas of bone destruction at the implantation site, which frustrated further exploration of using TADs in orthodontic treatments.

Orthodontic tooth movements that were deemed difficult or even impossible with traditional anchorage modalities can now be accomplished through:

 # Orthodontic tooth movements that were deemed difficult or even impossible with traditional anchorage modalities can now be accomplished through:

A. Transpalatal arch

B. Bondable buccal tubes

C. Miniscrew implants

D. Clear Aligner Therapy (CAT)

The correct answer is C. Miniscrew implants.

The advent of orthodontic temporary anchorage devices (TADs), also called miniscrew implants (MSIs) or mini-implants (MIs), has revolutionised the concept of orthodontic anchorage and brought about a tremendous paradigm shift in contemporary orthodontic treatment. The range of orthodontic tooth movements has been expanded by the clinical applications of orthodontic TADs. Orthodontic tooth movements that were deemed difficult or even impossible with traditional anchorage modalities can now be accomplished with TADs.