Which one of the following conditons is least likely to be associated with an increased risk of oral cancer?

 # Which one of the following conditons is least likely to be associated with an increased risk of oral cancer? 

a. Actinic Cheilosis 

b. Erythroplakia 

c. Leukoedema 

d. Leukoplakia 

The correct answer is C. Leukoedema. 

Leukoedema is a white and veil‐like alteration of the oral mucosa that is merely considered a normal variant. The condition is often encountered bilaterally in the buccal mucosa and sometimes at the borders of the tongue. Leukoedema is less clinically evident after stretching the mucosa, but reappears after this manipulation is discontinued.

Reference: Burket's Oral Medicine

Disadvantages of using a GRID is:

 # Disadvantages of using a GRID is: 

a. Increased patient exposure 

b. Decreased Patient exposure 

c. Increased fogging of the film 

d. Increased secondary radiation 

The correct answer is A. Increased patient exposure. 

Although radiographic grids reduce scattered radiation and improve contrast and resolution, they result

in higher patient exposure. Cephalometry does not require the use of grids. However, grids could improve the radiographic appearance of fine structures, such as trabecular architecture, and aid in the diagnosis of disease.

Reference: Oral radiology Principles and Interpretation, 7th Edition Stuart C. White, Michael J. Pharoah

The maximum penetration among the following is seen with which ray:

 # The maximum penetration among the following is seen with which ray: 

a. Alpha 

b. Beta 

c. Gamma 

d. Electron Beam 

The correct answer is C. Gamma.

Gamma (γ) rays originate in the nuclei of radioactive atoms. They typically have greater energy than x rays. In contrast, x rays are produced outside the nucleus and result from the interaction of electrons with large atomic nuclei in x-ray machines. The higher energy types of radiation in the electromagnetic spectrum— ultraviolet rays, x rays, and γ rays—are capable of ionizing matter. Some properties of electromagnetic radiation are best explained by quantum theory, whereas others are most successfully described by wave theory.

PGCEE MDS 2022: The most unwanted side effect seen with Herbst appliance is:

 # The most unwanted side effect seen with Herbst appliance is:

A. Lower incisor proclination

B. Frequent breakage of the appliance

C. Downward rotation of palate

D. Mandible rotate anticlockwise

The correct answer is A. Lower incisor proclination.

The most unwanted side effects seen with Herbst appliance are: 

- More chance of labial tipping as well as proclination of mandibular incisors

- Retrusion of maxillary incisors

Reference: Pancherz H. Treatment of Class II malocclusions by jumping the bite with the Herbst appliance. A cephalometric investigation. Am J Orthod. 1979;76(4):423–442.