The assessment or measurement of the quality of care and the implementation of any necessary changes to either maintain or improve the quality of care rendered is:

 # The assessment or measurement of the quality of care and the implementation of any necessary changes to either maintain or improve the quality of care rendered is: 

A. Quality Assessment 

B. Quality Assurance 

C. Quality Planning 

D. Guidelines 

The correct answer is B. Quality Assurance.

The ADA defines quality assessment as 'the measure of the quality of care provided in a particular setting'. 

Quality assurance in turn is defined as 'the assessment or measurement of the quality of care and the implementation of any necessary changes to either maintain or improve the quality of care rendered'.

The difference in these definitions is important: Quality assessment is limited to the appraisal of whether or not standards of quality have been met, whereas quality assurance includes the additional dimension of action to take corrective steps if needed to improve the situation. 

Collagen turnover rate in the gingiva is:

 # Collagen turnover rate in the gingiva is:

A. lower than that in the periodontal ligament

B. Higher than that in the periodontal ligament

C. Equal to that in the periodontal ligament

D. Very less as collagen fibrils are mature cell components

The correct answer is A. Lower than that in the periodontal ligament.

Overall, collagen turnover rate in the gingiva is lower than that in the periodontal ligament. Slow gingival fiber turnover may result from the lowered functional stress on this tissue as the transseptal fibers function in a manner similar to tendons, providing firm anchorage of the tooth. Remodeling and regeneration of gingival epithelium can also be slow. This is evidenced by the appearance of a red patch in the soft tissue region away from which a tooth is moved, which is caused by exposure of tissues underneath the epithelium.

Commonest type of lung carcinoma in non smokers:

# Commonest type of lung carcinoma in non smokers:

A. Squamous cell carcinoma

B. Adenocarcinoma

C. Alveolar cell carcinoma

D. Small cell carcinoma

The correct answer is B. Adenocarcinoma. 

Types of Lung Carcinoma:

There are two main types of lung cancer: non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) and small cell lung cancer (SCLC). NSCLC is the most common type, accounting for about 80% of all lung cancers. Here's a breakdown of the options you provided:

Squamous cell carcinoma: This is a type of NSCLC that typically starts in the flat cells lining the airways of the lungs. Smoking is a major risk factor for squamous cell carcinoma.

Adenocarcinoma: This is also a type of NSCLC, and it's the most common type of lung cancer diagnosed in both smokers and non-smokers. It starts in the gland cells that make mucus in the lungs.

Alveolar cell carcinoma: This is a rare type of lung cancer that starts in the air sacs of the lungs. It's more common in smokers than non-smokers.

Small cell carcinoma: This is an aggressive type of lung cancer that can spread quickly. It's less common than NSCLC and is also more likely to occur in smokers.

Why Adenocarcinoma in Non-Smokers:

While smoking is the leading cause of lung cancer,  adenocarcinoma can develop in people who have never smoked. Here's why it's the most common type in non-smokers:

Risk Factors: Non-smoking related risk factors for adenocarcinoma include exposure to radon gas, secondhand smoke, air pollution, and a family history of lung cancer.

Cell Type: Adenocarcinoma originates in the gland cells lining the lungs, which are less affected by smoking compared to the cells targeted by squamous cell carcinoma.

Mutations:  Non-smokers with lung cancer are more likely to have specific gene mutations, particularly in the EGFR gene, which can drive the development of adenocarcinoma.

Capacitation occurs in:

 # Capacitation occurs in:

A. Female genital tract

B. Sertoli cells

C. Rete testis

D. Seminiferous tubules

The correct answer is A. Female genital tract.

Capacitation is the process that sperm undergo in the female reproductive tract to become able to fertilize an egg. It does not happen in the male reproductive organs. 

Capacitation occurs in the female reproductive tract. It’s a crucial step in the maturation of mammalian spermatozoa, rendering them competent to fertilize an oocyte. During capacitation, the sperm undergo biochemical changes that prepare them for the acrosome reaction, allowing penetration of the egg’s outer layer for fertilization. So, the correct answer is A. Female genital tract.