The patient has a nasal fracture. What will be the test for confirmation of CSF leakage?

 # The patient has a nasal fracture. What will be the test for confirmation of CSF leakage?

A. CT scan 

B. Decreased glucose

C. Increased glucose

D. Transferrin beta

The correct answer is: D. Transferrin beta

Explanation:
Beta-2 transferrin is a specific marker for cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). It is not found in blood, nasal mucus, or other bodily fluids, making it a reliable test for confirming CSF leakage in cases like nasal fractures or head trauma.

Other options:

• A. CT scan: Useful for identifying fractures or other structural damage but not specific for confirming CSF leakage.
• B. Decreased glucose: Not a specific marker; glucose levels in nasal secretions can vary for other reasons.
• C. Increased glucose: Similarly nonspecific; glucose levels alone are not definitive for detecting CSF leakage.

Note: CSF leakage is often suspected if clear fluid drains from the nose (rhinorrhea) or ears (otorrhea), especially after trauma. Beta-2 transferrin testing is the gold standard for confirmation.

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Address (Full): Anamnagar, Kathmandu (Infront of Bajeko Sekuwa)

Year of Establishment: 2024

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NMC Number of Dental Surgeon: 20943

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Which one of the following drug does not cause gingival hyperplasia?

 # Which one of the following drug does not cause gingival hyperplasia?

A. Cyclosporine

B. Phenytoin

C. Phenobarbital

D. Nifedipine

The correct answer is: C. Phenobarbital

Explanation:

Gingival hyperplasia is a common side effect of certain drugs due to their impact on fibroblast activity and collagen metabolism.

• Cyclosporine: An immunosuppressant commonly associated with gingival hyperplasia.
• Phenytoin: An antiepileptic drug that frequently causes gingival overgrowth.
• Nifedipine: A calcium channel blocker linked to gingival hyperplasia, especially in patients with poor oral hygiene.
• Phenobarbital: An antiepileptic and sedative-hypnotic drug that does not typically cause gingival hyperplasia.

Which lesion is easy to detect radiographically?

 # Which lesion is easy to detect radiographically?

A. An incipient lesion 

B. One that crosses the dentinoenamel junction (DEJ) 

C. One confined to enamel 

D. One with enamel demineralization 

The correct answer is: B. One that crosses the dentinoenamel junction (DEJ)

Explanation:

Lesions that cross the DEJ are easier to detect radiographically because:

1. Density Difference: When the lesion progresses beyond the DEJ, the change in tissue density between enamel and dentin becomes more pronounced, making it visible on radiographs.
2. Dentin Involvement: Dentin is less mineralized than enamel, so demineralization in this layer appears more distinctly on radiographs.

Other options:

• A. An incipient lesion: These are confined to the outer enamel and are challenging to detect radiographically due to minimal density changes.
• C. One confined to enamel: These may be faint or undetectable on radiographs, especially if demineralization is minor.
• D. One with enamel demineralization: Early enamel demineralization is often too subtle for reliable radiographic detection.