As no dental biomaterial is absolutely free from the potential risk of adverse reactions, the testing of biocompatibility is related to:

 # As no dental biomaterial is absolutely free from the potential risk of adverse reactions, the testing of biocompatibility is related to:

A. Risk factors

B. Risk assessment

C. Risk markers

D. Risk predictors

The correct answer is B. Risk assessment.

Explanation: Biocompatibility testing for dental biomaterials focuses on evaluating the potential for adverse biological reactions, such as toxicity or irritation, when the material interacts with the body. This process is a key component of risk assessment, which involves systematically identifying, analyzing, and evaluating risks to ensure the material is safe for use. By assessing these risks, manufacturers and clinicians can minimize potential harm to patients.

Traumatic injury of a nerve causing paresthesia is:

 # Traumatic injury of a nerve causing paresthesia is:

A. Neuropraxia

B. Neurotmesis

C. Axonotmesis

D. Toxolysis

The correct answer is A. Neuropraxia.

Explanation:

• Neuropraxia is the mildest form of traumatic nerve injury, involving a temporary conduction block due to compression or mild trauma. It often causes paresthesia (tingling or numbness) without significant structural damage to the nerve. Recovery is usually complete within days to weeks.
• Neurotmesis is the most severe nerve injury, involving complete nerve transection with disruption of the nerve and its sheath, leading to permanent loss of function unless surgically repaired. Paresthesia may occur, but it’s not the primary feature.
• Axonotmesis involves damage to the axons but preservation of the nerve’s connective tissue. It causes more severe symptoms than neuropraxia, with longer recovery times (weeks to months), and paresthesia may be present but is less characteristic.
• Toxolysis is not a standard term in nerve injury classification and is incorrect in this context.

Since the question specifies a traumatic nerve injury causing paresthesia (a sensory symptom like tingling), neuropraxia is the most fitting answer due to its association with mild, reversible sensory disturbances.

A tumor characterized by rapid rate of growth which almost doubles its size by next day:

 # A tumor characterized by rapid rate of growth  which almost doubles its size by next day:

A. Hodgkin’s Lymphoma

B. Malignant melanoma

C. African Burkitt’s jaw lymphoma

D. Squamous cell carcinoma

The correct answer is C. African Burkitt’s jaw lymphoma.

African Burkitt’s lymphoma, particularly the endemic form, is characterized by an extremely rapid growth rate, with tumors often doubling in size within 24 hours. This aggressive B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma is commonly seen in children in equatorial Africa and is strongly associated with Epstein-Barr virus (EBV). It frequently presents as a rapidly enlarging jaw or facial mass. While Hodgkin’s lymphoma, malignant melanoma, and squamous cell carcinoma can be aggressive, they do not typically exhibit such an exceptionally rapid doubling time as seen in Burkitt’s lymphoma.

Popsicle panniculitis can occur:

 # Popsicle panniculitis can occur:

A. Following prolonged exposure to analgesic powder

B. Following prolonged exposure to hot beverages

C. Following prolonged exposure to frozen food

D. Following prolonged exposure to a sharp tooth

The correct answer is C. Following prolonged exposure to frozen food.

Popsicle panniculitis is a form of cold-induced panniculitis, an inflammation of the subcutaneous fat, typically seen in infants or young children. It occurs due to prolonged exposure to cold objects, such as frozen food (e.g., popsicles), which can cause localized fat necrosis and inflammation. The condition is often seen on the cheeks or chin after contact with cold items. The other options—analgesic powder, hot beverages, or a sharp tooth—are not associated with this condition. 

The most common pathogens responsible for nosocomial pneumonias in the ICU are:

 # The most common pathogens responsible for nosocomial pneumonias in the ICU are:

A. Gram positive organisms

B. Gram negative organisms

C. Mycoplasma

D. Virus infections

The correct answer is B. Gram negative organisms.

Gram-negative bacteria, such as Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Klebsiella pneumoniae, and Acinetobacter species, are the most common pathogens responsible for nosocomial (hospital-acquired) pneumonias in the ICU. These organisms are often associated with ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP) and thrive in the ICU environment due to factors like prolonged mechanical ventilation, invasive procedures, and antibiotic resistance. Gram-positive organisms (e.g., Staphylococcus aureus) are less common but still significant, while Mycoplasma and viral infections are rare causes of ICU-acquired pneumonia.

Chicken fat clot is:

# Chicken fat clot is:

A. Postmortem clot

B. Thrombus

C. Infarct

D. None of the above

The correct answer is A. Postmortem clot.

A chicken fat clot is a type of postmortem clot, typically seen in autopsies. It forms after death due to the settling of red blood cells and plasma, creating a layered appearance with a yellowish "chicken fat" layer of plasma and fibrin on top and a darker red blood cell layer below. Unlike a thrombus, which forms in living tissue and can obstruct blood flow, a chicken fat clot occurs post-mortem and is not associated with disease processes like infarction.

Therapy of choice for pockets with an edematous wall is:

 # Therapy of choice for pockets with an edematous wall is:

A. Scaling and root planing

B. Gingivectomy

C. Apically displaced flap

D. Root resection

The correct answer is A. Scaling and root planing.

This non-surgical procedure is typically the first line of treatment for periodontal pockets with edema, as it addresses the underlying inflammation and infection by removing plaque, tartar, and bacterial toxins from the tooth surfaces and root, promoting healing and reduction of pocket depth.