World No Tobacco Day 2017 : Poster Competition at BPKIHS : No Smoking, Smoking Kills

On the occasion of World No Tobacco Day, Poster competition was jointly organized by the Department of Oral Medicine and Radiology and the Department of Public Health Dentistry, College of Dental Surgery, BPKIHS (B.P. Koirala Institute of Health Sciences), Dharan Nepal. Many posters rife with creative concepts and awareness messages were displayed in the college premises throughout the day. Patients and hospital visitors were counseled to quit tobacco in both smoked and smokeless forms after educating them about the horde of health hazards caused by tobacco.

Tobacco: A Threat to Development : World No Tobacco Day , 31st May 2017 : Say NO to Tobacco

Tobacco: A Threat to Development

Tobacco, consumed worldwide in various smoked and smokeless forms, is now proved scientifically by various researches and investigations to be a definite carcinogen and an abetting factor for hundreds of health hazards.

With aggressive marketing strategies and alluring advertisements tobacco producers aim at producing more and more tobacco dependent teenagers who succumb to the habit throughout their lives. And we play a conducive role in fulfilling their goal by exposing the children to tobacco every day to such an extent that they will somehow believe that all grown-ups do smoke/consume tobacco and so should he when he becomes one. This social impact of smoking is more deleterious than we believe it to be. Raising children in such a tobacco-ridden environment without them actually picking up the habit is very challenging to parents and to-be-parents.

Tobacco consumption is socially accepted to be benign as it does not cause immediate harsh effects. And, we are too myopic to foresee the long-term hazards of smoking be it physical, social, economic and emotional. But, the dire consequences of tobacco consumption shouldn't be underestimated.


Millions of lives are lost, billions of working hours are lost, and trillions of dollars are lost for the treatment and care of the patients who suffered their ill fate due to tobacco consumption. Economic burden of tobacco consumption not only comprises of the money that is spent on buying the tobacco products, the money that the tobacco consumer would have earned if he had enjoyed a perfect health by living a tobacco-free life also comes under it. Global annual costs from tobacco use are 1.4 trillion USD in healthcare expenditure and lost productivity from illness and premature death. (WHO 2017)

It is not like that tobacco doesn't affect your health because you smoke only one or two cigarettes occasionally. It has cumulative effects. Tobacco smoking causes irreversible damage to your body systems and even your genes and DNA. Even your progenies will have to bear the brunt of the cigarettes you smoked today. There is no such thing as the minimum number of cigarettes one has to smoke/minimum packets of tobacco one has to chew before getting cancer. Nobody knows which last cigarette he smoked is responsible for his cancer. No matter what the quantity is, it harms. Whether you take the lethal dose of it all at once or in divided doses, poison is poison.

Let's make a resolution to refrain from all tobacco products rest of our lives and stay away from the hazards of it. Choose life, SAY NO TO TOBACCO, it kills.

MCQs on Gastrointestinal Tract and Liver Physiology Part 4

# Pancreatic juice rich in water and electrolytes but poor in enzymes is secreted in response to :
A. Pancreatozymine
B. Cholecystokinin
C. Secretin
D. Proteins

# Secretin is secreted by :
A. Duodenum
B. Pancreas
C. Liver
D. Stomach

# Urine urobilinogen is absent in :
A. Obstructive jaundice
B. Viral hepatitis
C. Hemolytic jaundice
D. All of the above

# Which of the following is a reflex mediated by vagus ?
A. Bile flow from liver
B. Pancreatic secretion of bicarbonate
C. Cephalic phase of gastric secretion
D. Mucous secretion from the Brunner's glands

# Fats absorbed with the help of bile salts are:
A. Free fatty acids
B. Glycerol
C. Higher fatty acids, diglycerides and monoglycerides
D. All of the above

# Which of the following secretions has a very high pH ?
A. Gastric juice
B. Pancreatic juice
C. Bile in gall bladder
D. Saliva
# Cephalic phase of gastric secretion can be demonstrated by the following experiment:
A. Heidenhan's pouch
B. Condition reflex
C. Pavlov's pouch
D. None of the above

# Trypsin is an activator of all of the following enzymes except:
A. Chymotrypsinogen
B. Pepsinogen
C. Proelastase
D. Procolipase

# Gastrointestinal hormone among the following is:
A. Pepsin
B. Ptyalin
C. Cholecystokinin
D. Trypsin

# The most important action of secretin is to :
A. Neutralise the acid from the stomach
B. Increase secretion of bicarbonates by pancreas
C. Decrease gastric secretion
D. cause contraction of pyloric sphincter

# Within which parts of a gastric gland are chief cells located ?
A. Fundus
B. Isthmus
C. Neck
D. Gastric pit

# All the following causes the secretion of gastric juice during cephalic phase except :
A. Food in the mouth
B. Sight of food
C. Food in the stomach
D. Thought of food

# Which is not produced enteroendocrinally ?
A. Intrinsic factor
B. Secretin
C. Motilin
D. GIP

# Stomach accommodates the meal by:
A. Deceptive relaxation
B. Receptive relaxation
C. Reactive relaxation
D. None of the above
# The intrinsic factor for vit B12 absorption is produced in the :
A. Liver
B. Stomach
C. Pancreas
D. Duodenum

# Bile salt repeats its cycle :
A. 4 times a day
B. 8 times a day
C. 2 times in between meals
D. 10 times a day in fasting

# Bile color is due to :
A. Creatinine
B. Bilirubin
C. Globulin
D. 5 Mercapto-purine

# Which of the following is not a salivary antibacterial Substance ?
A. Amylase
B. Lactoperoxidase
C. Lysozyme
D. Lactoferrin

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MCQs on Gastrointestinal Tract and Liver Physiology Part 3

# Parietal cells of gastric mucosa secrete :
A. HCl
B. Gastrin
C. Mucin
D. All of the above

# Most potent stimulus for secretin is :
A. Dilatation of intestine
B. Acid chyme
C. Protein
D. Fat

# The only sugar absorbed in the intestine against a concentration gradient is :
A. Xylose
B. Mannose
C. Glucose
D. Galactose

# Cephalic phase of Gastric secretion is mediated by :
A. Neurohormones
B. Vagus
C. Hormones
D. Gastrin

# Secretin does not cause :
A. Bicarbonate secretion
B. Augment the action of CCK
C. Contraction of pyloric sphincter
D. Gastric secretion increase
# The final sugars in intestinal chyme are :
A. Glucose and fructose
B. Ribose and mannose
C. Ribose and xylulose
D. Xylulose and fructose

# Gastric secretion is stimulated by all of the following except :
A. Secretin
B. Gastric distension
C. Gastrin
D. Vagal stimulus

# Peristalsis in the gut is due to :
A. Pre-peristaltic intestinal secretion
B. Mechanical distension
C. Simultaneous action of circular and longitudinal mnuscles
D. Extrinsic nervous influence

# Maximum absorption of bile occurs at :
A. Jejunum
B. Duodenum
C. Ileum
D. Colon

# Gall bladder contraction is controlled primarily by :
A. Pancreatozymine
B. Cholecystokinin- pancreozymin
C. Secretin
D. Glucagon
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MCQs on Gastrointestinal tract and Liver Physiology Part 2

# Pepsinogen is activated by :
A. Enterokinase
B. low pH
C. Trypsin
D. Chymotrypsin

# Best stimuli for secretin secretion is :
A. Protein
B. Acid
C. Fat
D. Bile

# Maximum secretory glands in stomach are :
A. Fundic glands
B. Pyloric glands
C. Gastric glands
D. Brunner's Glands

# All are actions of CCK except:
A. Relax lower esophageal sphincter
B. Increased pancreatic secretion
C. Increased gastric secretion
D. Causes gall bladder contraction

# Vagal stimulation following intake of food does not affect secretion of :
A. Stomach
B. Pancreas
C. Parotid
D. Gall bladder

# Gastrin is produced by :
A. Pancreas
B. Gastric antral cells
C. Pituitary
D. All
# Small intestinal peristalsis is controlled by :
A. Myenteric plexus
B. Meissner's plexus
C. Vagus nerve
D. Parasympathetic

# The duodenum secretes a hormone which has the following effects except :
A. Causes copious pancreatic juice rich in bicarbonate and poor in enzymes
B. Increases gastric motility
C. Causes gall bladder to contract and sphincter of oddi to relax
D. Leads to meager flow of pancreatic juice rich in enzymes

# Cholagogues are the substances which cause :
A. Contraction of the gall bladder
B. Increase concentration of the bile
C. Increase secretion of the bile
D. Favours acdification of the bile

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MCQs on Oral Histology Enamel - Part 2

# All are true regarding the enamel spindles except :
A. Produced by ameloblasts
B. Found in the region of cusps
C. Surrounded by inter prismatic enamel
D. Terminated as rounded process

# Ionic exchange between enamel surface and environment :
A. Does not take place once enamel matures
B. Stops after 2 years of eruption
C. Continues till adult life
D. Continues throughout life

# Approximately how many enamel rods will be present in maxillary molar?
A. 5 million
B. 7 million
C. 9 million
D. 12 million

# All are true about the striae of Retzius except:
A. Constitute the rest lines within the enamel rods
B. Have high inorganic content
C. They are areas of increased porosity
D. Allow the movement of water and small ions

# Neonatal lines are found in all of the following except :
A. Enamel of primary incisors
B. Enamel of premanent canines
C. Enamel and dentin of permanent first molars
D. Dentin of permanent mandibular incisors
# On microscopic examination, enamel rods have :
A. Keyhole appearance in cross section
B. Paddle appearance in cross section
C. Lanullate appearance in cross section
D. None of the above

# Which of the following structures is not of ectodermal origin ?
A. Hunter Schreger bands
B. Enamel spindles
C. Enamel Tufts
D. Enamel lamellae

# The formative cells of which of the following dental tissues disappear once tissue is formed ?
A. Enamel
B. Dentin
C. Periodontal ligament
D. Cementum

# Which of the following tissues have no reparative capacity ?
A. Enamel
B. Dentin
C. Cementum
D. Periodontal ligament

# The enamel has no capacity of self repair because :
A. It has only small percent of organic content
B. Its formative cells are lost once it is completely formed
C. It is essentially a keratin tissue and has no blood vessels
D. It has no direct connection with the active cells of the dental pulp

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MCQs on Odontogenic cysts and Tumors - Oral Pathology Part 2

# Ghost (Shadow) cells are seen in:
A. Ameloblastic fibroodontoma
B. Calcifying odontogenic cyst
C. Compound Odontoma
D. All of the above

# A 25 year old male patient reports with a bony expansile swelling of the right body of the mandible & mild paraesthesia of the IDN. OPG shows a multilocular  radiolucency without root resorption.
i) What would be your choice of next investigation?
A. Excision biopsy
B. Aspiration cytology
C. CT scan
D. PET bone scan

ii) A dirty white aspirate with a protein estimation of <4gm% is suggestive of:
A. Ossifying fibroma
B. Dentigerous cyst
C. Mucoepidermoid carcinoma
D. Odontogenic keratocyst

iii) Odontogenic keratocyst is noted for its:
A. Malignant transformation
B. Daughter cysts and high rate of recurrence
C. Impacted teeth
D. Nodal metastasis

iv) Management of odontogenic keratocyst involves :
A. Marsupialization
B. Enucleation
C. Enucleation with peripheral ostectomy
D. Resection and radiation

# Treatment for cementoma : (two answers)
A. No treatment
B. Pulpectomy
C. Resection of jaw
D. None of the above

# Lesions associated with vital tooth :
A. Condensing osteitis
B. Cementoma
C. Periapical abscess
D. None of the above

# Destructively invasive, locally malignant with rare metastasis, the lesion is:
A. Fibroma
B. Ameloblastoma
C. Papilloma
D. None of the above

# Compound odontoma shows :
A. Mixed tissue of dental origin with no rsemblance to tooth structure
B. Numerous tooth like structure with denticles commonly found in maxillary lateral incisors
C. Haphazardly arranged calcified mass
D. all of the above

# Dentigerous cyst is suspected if the follicular space is more than:
A. 2-3 mm
B. 3-4 mm
C. 1-2 mm
D. >5 mm

# After entering a radiolucent lesion in a 30 yr old man, hollow cavity without epithelial lining is seen, the most probable diagnosis is :
A. Aneurysmal bone cyst
B. Static bone cavity
C. Hemorrhagic bone cyst
D. Ameloblastoma

# A patient with ameloblastoma of the jaw can best be treated by:
A. Irradiation
B. Excision
C. Enucleation
D. Surgical removal followed by cauterization
# Dentigerous cyst is associated with the following :
A. Impacted third molar
B. Impacted supernumerary tooth
C. Odontome
D. All of the above

# The epithelium of a dentigerous cyst is :
A. 15-20 cell thick
B.  6-10 cell thick
C. 2-4 cell thick
D. 1-2 cell thick

# Clear cells are commonly seen in which of the following lesions ?
A. Pleomorphic
B. Warthin's tumor
C. Mucoepidermoid
D. Adenomatoid odontogenic tumor

# Multiple periapical radiolicencies are seen in:
A. Jaw cyst basal cell nevus syndrome
B. Odontogenic keratocyst
C. Cherubism
D. Thyroid disorders

# A 36 year old male with an asymptomatic swelling in the body of the mandible with radiographic features of radiolucency with radiopaque flecks is suffering from :
A. Odontogenic keratocyst
B. Calcifying epithelial odontogenic tumor (CEOT)
C. Ameloblastoma
D. None of the above

# Pindborg tumor arises from : (two answers correct)
A. Basal layer of cells
B. Stratum intermedium
C. Stratum corneum
D. Dental lamina

# A six year old child patient has blue dome shaped swelling in posterior mandibular region, what will be the treatment plan?
A. reassure the patient without any treatment
B. Excise the lesion
C. Marsupialization
D. Surgical excision

# The pathogenesis of periapical cyst is :
A. Increased pressure within the cyst
B. Immune mediated bone destruction
C. Proliferation of  epithelium
D. None

# Adenomatoid odontogenic tumor is characterized histologically by :
A. Polyhedral epithelial cells
B. Tubular/duct like cells
C. Stellate shaped cells
D. Stratified squamous epithelial cells

# Cyst arising from dental lamina :
A. Radicular cyst
B. Paradental cyst
C. Eruption cyst
D. Glandular odontogenic cyst
# The most common odontogenic cyst is:
A. Primordial cyst
B. Dentigerous cyst
C. Radicular cyst
D. Mucocele

# Standard treatment of ameloblastoma :
A. Segmental resection with 1 cm of normal bone
B. Enbloc resection
C. Enucleation
D. Enucleation with cauterization

# The most aggressive and destructive cyst is :
A. Periapical cyst
B. Dentigerous cyst
C. Globullomaxillary cyst
D. Nasopalatine cysst

# Facial nerve paralysis is common with:(D>B)
A. Pleomorphic adenoma
B. Epidermoid carcinoma
C. Warthin's tumor
D. Lymphoepithelial carcinoma

# COC is now called as:
A. Odontogenic ghost cell tumor
B. Dentinogenic ghost cell tumor
C. Keratocystic Odontogenic tumor
D. A and C

# Multiple bilateral dentigerous cysts are seen in:
A. Down's syndrome
B. Maroteaux Lamy syndrome
C. Treacher Collins Syndrome
D. Gorlin Goltz syndrome

# The cyst that remains behind in the jaws after removal of the tooth is :
A. Lateral periodontal cyst
B. Radicular cyst
C. Residual cyst
D. None of the above

# Corrugated collagenous rings surrounding lymphocytes and plasma cells in the walls of inflammatory cysts are called:
A. Rushton bodies
B. Hyaline bodies
C. Howell-Jolly Bodies
D. Papenheimer bodies

# Potential complications stemming from dentigerous cyst are:
A. Ameloblastoma
B. Epidermoid carcinoma
C. Mucoepidermoid carcinoma
D. All of the above

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