Triangular instruments while cutting canals will have to rotate how much to complete one turn?

 # Triangular instruments while cutting canals will have to rotate _______ to complete one turn.

A. ¼ turn

B. ½ turn

C. 1/3 turn

D. Full turn

The correct answer is C. 1/3 turn.

The triangular shaft requires a one-third (120 degrees) rotation of the instrument to complete a cutting circle of the root. For cutting action in a canal, a traingular shaft instrument requires 1/3 turn. These cutting points are at 120 degrees to each other and they move simultaneously. So, a 1/3 turn or 120 degree turn will bring about a complete cuttting circle. 

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The best instrument for cutting dentin is:

 # The best instrument for cutting dentin is:

A. Reamer

B. File

C. Broach

D. Explorer

The correct answer is A. Reamer.

Reamer contains sharp cutting edges that are spaced further apart than the file and therefore it is engaged in dentin more rapidly and readily facilitates dentin removal.

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In which region are chief cells located in the gastric gland?

 # Chief cells are located in gastric gland in the region?

 A. Fundus

 B. Isthmus

C. Neck

D. Equally spread

The correct answer is A. Fundus.

Gastric gland is composed of three types of cells:

A. Mucous neck cells - secrete mainly mucus but also some pepsinogen

B. Peptic/chief cells - Secrete pepsinogen in body and fundus

C. Parietal/Oxyntic cells- Secrete hydrochloric acid and intrinsic factor

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Oral pain, erythematous gingival tissues, blunted papillae spontaneous gingival bleeding, and no attachment loss

 # A 19 year old patient presents with oral pain, erythematous gingival tissues, blunted papillae spontaneous gingival bleeding, and no attachment loss. There is also a pseudomembrane covering the gingiva. Which of the following is the diagnosis for this patient?

A. Plaque associated gingivitis

B. Necrotizing ulcerative gingivitis

C. Aggressive periodontitis

D. Chronic periodontitis

E. Necrotizing ulcerative periodontitis

The correct answer is B. Necrotozing ulcerative gingivitis.

Necrotizing ulcerative gingivitis and periodontitis usually occurs

because of the predominance of the anaerobic fusobacteria and

spirochetes within the oral cavity, specifically underneath the gingiva.

This is a case of Necrotizing ulcerative gingivitis (NUG) NOT

necrotizing ulcerative periodontitis (NUP) because the patient is not

experiencing bone loss.

Debridement of the affected gingiva with an adjunctive prescription

of chlorhexidine 0.12 % rise will help stop the progression of

necrotizing ulcerative disease.

Acute necrotizing gingivitis signs/ symptoms:

1. Pain
2. Interproximal necrosis of the papilla (Blunting of papilla)
3. Bleeding gingiva
4. Fetid odor
5. Low-grade fever
6. Pseudomembrane

Acute necrotizing gingivitis risk factors:

1. Poor oral hygiene
2. Smoking
3. Malnutrition
4. Fatigue
5. Stress
6. Immunocompromised patients

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