Anhidrotic ectodermal dysplasia affects:

 # A known case of anhidrotic ectodermal dysplasia is brought to hospital for treatment. Which area of the body do you find mostly affected in this case?

A. Spleen

B. Skin or ectoderm

C. Kidney

D. Thyroid gland

The correct answer is B. Skin or Ectoderm. 

The most commonly occurring ectodermal dysplasia is called as ‘hereditary hypohidrotic

(anhidrotic) ectodermal dysplasia’. This shows X-linked inheritance. 

Sex—males are affected more frequently than females.

Appearance—it is characterized by hypotrichosis, hypohydrosis and anhidrosis with saddle nose appearance.

Hairs—the hair of scalp and eyebrows tend to be fine, scanty and blond.

Frontal bosses- supraorbital and frontal bosses are pronounced.

Heat intolerance—skin is often dry, soft, smooth and scaly with partial or complete absence of sweat glands. Such patient cannot perspire and they usually suffer from hyperpyrexia and inability to endure warm temperature. 

Sibling appearance—facial appearance of these individual resemble to each other, enough to be mistaken for siblings.

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Nikolsky’s sign is a feature of:

 # Nikolsky’s sign is a feature of:

A. Lichen planus

B. Pemphigus

C. Herpes simplex

D. Lupus erythematosus

The correct answer is B. Pemphigus.

Nikolsky’s sign: It was named after Pytor Vasilyenich Nikolsky who was the first to describe this finding. On applying gentle mechanical pressure (e.g. blowing air or applying pressure with a mirror handle) on affected tissue will result in the formation of a lesion. Nikolsky’s sign is seen both in the skin and oral mucosa. It is seen in pemphigus, paraneoplastic pemphigus, mucous membrane pemphigoid, epidermolysis bullosa, linear IgA bullous disease, lupus erythematosus, graft-versus-host disease and toxic epidermal necrolysis.

Ref: Textbook of Oral Medicine, Oral Diagnosis and Oral Radiology,Ongole and Praveen, 2nd Edition, Page no. 235

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All are risk factors EXCEPT:

 # All are risk factors EXCEPT:

A. Tobacco smoking

B. Microbial tooth deposit

C. Diabetes

D. Bleeding on probing

The correct answer is D. Bleeding on Probing.

Categories of Risk Elements for Periodontal Disease

Risk Factors

Tobacco smoking

Diabetes

Pathogenic bacteria

Microbial tooth deposits

Risk Determinants/Background Characteristics

Genetic factors

Age

Gender

Socioeconomic status

Stress

Risk Indicators

HIV/AIDS

Osteoporosis

Infrequent dental visits

Risk Markers/Predictors

Previous history of periodontal disease

Bleeding on probing

Ref: Carranza's Clinical Periodontology, 12th Edition, page 392

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Pain on swallowing or turning the head

 # The pain on swallowing or turning the head associated with elongated styloid process is known as:

A. Tic douloureux

B. Gorham syndrome

C. Costen syndrome

D. Eagle’s syndrome

The correct answer is D. Eagle's syndrome.

Eagle’s syndrome. This syndrome consists of either elongation of the styloid process or ossification of the stylohyoid ligament causing dysphagia, sore throat, otalgia, glossodynia, headache, vague orofacial pain or pain along the distribution of the internal and external carotid arteries. Probably the most consistent symptom is pharyngeal pain. It is common for the difficulty to arise following tonsillectomy, presumably from fibrous tissue that forms and is stretched and rubbed over the elongated styloid process.

Ref: Shafer's Textbook of Oral pathology, 7th Edition, Page no. 862

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