Which drug should be avoided by patient with severe renal impairment?

 # Which drug should be avoided by patient with severe renal impairment?

A. Aminoglycosides

B. Rifampicin

C. Glibenclamide

D. Clofibrate

The correct answer is A. Aminoglycosides.

Certain drugs worsen the existing clinical condition in renal failure, e.g.

• Tetracyclines have an anti-anabolic effect and accentuate uraemia.

• NSAIDs cause more fluid retention.

• Potentially nephrotoxic drugs, e.g. aminoglycosides, tetracyclines (except doxycycline), sulfonamides (crystalluria), vancomycin, nitrofurantoin, cyclosporine, amphotericin B should be avoided.

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What spontaneously aggregates, and crosslinks form between lysine and hydroxylysine ?

 # ________ spontaneously aggregates, and crosslinks form between lysine and hydroxylysine.

A. Carbohydrate

B. Fiber

C. Tropocollagen

D. Collagen

The correct answer is C. Tropocollagen.

Tropocollagen spontaneously aggregates, and crosslinks form between lysine and hydroxylysine. 

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Which classification of lipid consist of hydrophobic and hydrophilic ?

 # Which classification of lipid consist of hydrophobic and hydrophilic?

A. Sphingophospholipids

B. Glycolipids

C. Phospholipids

D. Phosphoglycerides

The correct answer is C. Phospholipids.

Phospholipids are composed of glycerol or sphingosine, two fatty acids, and phosphoric acid. They are an important component of membranes since they have hydrophobic (fatty acid) and hydrophilic (phosphoric acid) domains. Phosphoglycerides are composed of glycerol, fatty acids and phosphate.

Glycolipids (glycosphingolipids) are composed of carbohydrate, sphingosine, and fatty acid.

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Henderson-Hasselbalch equation

 # Which of the following is true?

A. The Henderson-Hasselbalch equation fails to describe the relationship between pK and pH

B. The Henderson-Hasselbalch equation describes the relationship between pK and pH

C. The Henderson-Hasselbalch equation cannot be used to determine the dissociation of ionizable groups at a given pH

D. The Henderson-Hasselbalch equation is not valid or viable

The correct answer is B. The Henderson-Hasselbalch equation describes the relationship between pK and pH.

The Henderson-Hasselbalch equation describes the relationship between pK and pH. The Henderson-Hasselbalch equation can be used to determine the dissociation of ionizable groups at a given pH.

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