Mediators of inflammation are all EXCEPT:

 # Mediators of inflammation are all EXCEPT:

A. TNF

B. IFN

C. PG

D. Myeloperoxidase

The correct answer is D. Myeloperoxidase.

Myeloperoxidase is not an inflammatory mediator. It is an enzyme in neutrophils that convert Cl-, I- and SCN- ions to corresponding acids -HOCl etc. These acids are potent oxidants and help in destroying the invading organisms. 

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Complication of duodenal ulcer:

 # Complication of  duodenal ulcer: 

A. Hypoacidity

B. Pernicious anemia

C. Stenosis

D. Malignant transformation

The correct answer is C. Stenosis.

Obstruction from edema or scarring occurs in about 2% of the patients. Most often due to pyloric channel ulcers. May also occur with duodenal ulcers.

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Gluconeogenesis occurs in the liver and:

 # Gluconeogenesis occurs in the liver and ________.

 A. Kidney

 B. Muscle

 C. Heart

 D. Fat

The correct answer is A. Kidney.

Gluconeogenesis (GNG) is a metabolic pathway that results in the generation of glucose from certain non-carbohydrate carbon structures. 

In vertebrates, gluconeogenesis occurs mainly in the liver and, to a lesser extent, in the cortex of the kidneys. It is one of two primary mechanisms – the other being degradation of glycogen (glycogenolysis) – used by humans and many other animals to maintain blood sugar levels, avoiding low levels (hypoglycemia). Although most gluconeogenesis occurs in the liver, the relative contribution of gluconeogenesis by the kidney is increased in diabetes and prolonged fasting.

Gluconeogenesis is a pathway consisting of a series of eleven enzyme-catalyzed reactions. The pathway will begin in either the liver or kidney, in the mitochondria or cytoplasm of those cells, this being dependent on the substrate being used. Many of the reactions are the reverse of steps found in glycolysis. 

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Fluid mosaic model of membrane structure was proposed by:

 # Fluid mosaic model of membrane structure was proposed by:

A. Watson and Crick

B. Edward H. Angle

C. G.V. Black

D. Singer and Nicolson

The correct answer is D. Singer and Nicolson.

The fluid mosaic model explains various observations regarding the structure of functional cell membranes. According to this biological model, there is a lipid bilayer (two molecules thick layer consisting primarily of amphipathic phospholipids) in which protein molecules are embedded. The phospholipid bilayer gives fluidity and elasticity to the membrane. Small amounts of carbohydrates are also found in the cell membrane. The biological model, which was devised by SJ Singer and G. L. Nicolson in 1972, describes the cell membrane as a two-dimensional liquid that restricts the lateral diffusion of membrane components. 

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