The reversal agent used in clinical practice to treat benzodiazepine overdose:

 The reversal agent used in clinical practice to treat benzodiazepine overdose

A. Romazicon 

B. Naloxone

C. Sublimaze

D. Demerol

The correct answer is A. Romazicon.

-Flumazenil (Romazicon) is a direct, specific reversal agent used in clinical practice to treat benzodiazepine overdose. Pharmacologically, it acts as a competitive antagonist at the benzodiazepine receptor sites in the CNS. 

-Naloxone is a life-saving medication that can reverse an overdose from opioids, including heroin, fentanyl, and prescription opioid medications.

-Fentanyl (Sublimaze) is a potent synthetic opiate agonist. A dose of 0.1 mg is approximately equivalent to 10 mg of morphine or 75 mg of meperidine. Fentanyl acts rapidly, and after intramuscular injection the onset occurs in 7–15 min; duration of effects is 1– 2 h.

-Meperidine (Demerol) is a synthetic opiate agonist, closely related to fentanyl in chemical structure.

Reference: Mc Donald 2nd South Asian Edition

Genetic factors play a role in the aetiology of:

 # Genetic factors play a role in the aetiology of: 

A. Chronic periodontitis 

B. Aggressive periodontitis 

C. Both of the above 

D. None of the above 

The correct answer is C. Both of the above.

Though genetic factors play a dominant role in Aggressive cases, they are considered to be the aetiological factors in all kinds of periodontitis. 

Incisor liability in maxillary arch

 # Incisor liability is about ………..in maxillary arch.

A. 4.6 mm 

B. 5.4 mm 

C. 6.2 mm 

D. 7.6 mm 

The correct answer is D. 7.6 mm.

Incisor liability is about 7.6 mm in maxillary arch and 6 mm in mandibular arch. The incisor liability is compensated by three mechanisms:

a. Increased intercanine width: During the period of permanent incisor eruption, significant amount of increase in intercanine arch width occurs. It is about 3–4 mm.

b. Interdental spacing: Spacing present in primary dentition helps in alignment of incisor. The primate space present in the upper arch mesial to primary canine is also used.

c. Labial eruption of incisor: Primary incisor stand upright. The permanent incisors, which replace them, are labially proclined placing them in a wider arch.

Source: Mc Donald 2nd South Asian Edition

Salt and pepper appearance in radiograph is seen in:

# Salt and pepper appearance in radiograph is seen in:

A. Osteoporosis

B. Osteopetrosis

C. Sickle cell anemia

D. Thalassemia

The correct answer is D. Thalassemia.

"Crew - cut" or "Hair - on - end" appearance of skull is characteristic of both sickle cell anemia and thalassemia. In thalassemia radiographs of maxilla and mandible shows characteristic apparent coarsening of some trabeculae and the blurring and disappearance of others, resulting in "salt and pepper" effect.