Earliest marker of renal damage in a known case of diabetes mellitus is:

 # Earliest marker of renal damage in a known case of diabetes mellitus is:

A. Microalbuminuria

B. Glycosuria

C. Increased serum creatinine

D. Increased serum urea

The correct answer is A. Microalbuminuria. 

Microalbuminuria refers to the urinary excretion of small amounts of albumin. The consistent presence

of albumin in the urine is abnormal and is clinically important in identifying the very early stages of glomerular disease, as occurs in conditions like diabetic nephropathy. Because significant renal damage

has already taken place before standard dipstick tests become positive, patients with diabetes mellitus should be screened regularly for microalbuminuria. Persistent microalbuminuria has also been associated with an increased risk of atherosclerosis and cardiovascular  mortality but neither the mechanism of proteinuria nor an explanation for this association has been established.

Osteomyelitis in early stage on radiograph appear as:

 # Osteomyelitis in early stage on radiograph appear as:

A. Blurring of trabeculae

B. Dense radiopaque areas

C. Radiolucent foci

D. Formation of sequestrum

The correct answer is A. Blurring of trabeculae. 

Osteomyelitis is defined as inflammation of bone and its bone marrow. Acute osteomyelitis progresses rapidly and demonstrates limited radiographic evidence until 1-2 weeks. The earliest change noticed is fuzziness and indistinct trabeculae. Chronic osteomyelitis appears as moth eaten radiolucencies in the bone, along with appearance of radiopaque sequestrum. 

In pantomograph, if patient chin is placed anterior to the focal trough, the structures appears to be:

 # In pantomograph, if patient chin is placed anterior to the focal trough, the structures appears to be:

A. Blurred and diminished

B. Blurred and magnified

C. Either magnified or diminished

D. Only blurred

The correct answer is A. Blurred and diminished.

Anatomic structures present within the focal trough are well defined on panoramic radiographers. If the chin is placed anterior to the focal trough, the structures appear to be blurred and diminished. If the chin is placed posterior to the focal trough, structures appear blurred and magnified. 

Ball in hand appearance is seen in:

 # Ball in hand appearance is seen in:

A. Sialadenosis

B. Benign tumor of salivary gland

C. Sialadenitis

D. Sjogren’s syndrome

The correct answer is B. Benign tumor of salivary gland.

Benign tumors may present as low-intensity (dark) or high-intensity (light) tissue signals on MRI, although the relative intensity of the signal may indicate the presence of lipid, vascular, or fibrous

tissues. Sialography may suggest a space-occupying mass when the ducts are compressed or smoothly displaced around the lesion (the “ball-in-hand” appearance).