Ketone bodies are normally synthesized from:

  # Ketone bodies are normally synthesized from:

A. Acetyl coA

B. Glucose

C. Glycerol

D. Acetone

The correct answer is: A. Acetyl coA.

Acetoacetic acid, O-hydroxybutyric acid and acetone are collectively called ketone bodies or acetone bodies, and the process of their formation is known as ketogenesis. Only the acetoacetic acid and acetone are the true ketones, while /3-hydroxybutyrate does not possess a keto group. The main site of ketogenesis is the liver. They are major fuel source of brain during prolonged starvation.

 Hydroxybutyryl-CoA and aceto acetyl-CoA are normally produced in penultimate step of beta oxidation. Aceto aceyl-CoA may also be formed from two molecules of acetyl-CoA. The synthesis of ketone bodies occur in liver in the mitochondrial matrix. Acetyl CoA, formed by oxidation of fatty acids, pyruvate and some other amino acids are the precursors for ketone bodies. HMG-CoA synthase is the regulatory enzyme in synthesis of ketone bodies. 

Which of the following is the most common developmental cyst?

  # Which of the following is the most common developmental cyst?

A. Nasopalatine cyst

B. Nasoalveolar cyst

C. Globulomaxillary cyst

D. Median palatal cyst

The correct answer is A. Nasopalatine cyst.

Nasopalatine duct cyst/Nasopalatine canal cyst/ Incisive canal cyst is most common non-odontogenic cyst. Its location is peculiar and specific in that it affects the midline anterior maxilla. 

Option B nasoalveolar cyst is a rare fissural cyst that arise at the junction of globular process, the lateral nasal process and the maxillary process. 

Option C globulomaxillary cyst is found within the bone at the junction of the globular portion of the medial nasal process, maxillary process, the globule maxillary fissure, usually between the maxillary lateral incisor and cuspid teeth. 

Condyloma acuminatum is associated with:

  # Condyloma acuminatum is associated with:

A. HPV

B. HHV 8

C. CMV

D. EBV

The correct answer is A. HPV.

Approximately 90% of condylomata acuminata are related to HPV types 6 and 11. These 2 types are the least likely to have a neoplastic potential. It is characterised by transmissible, autoinoculable soft pink nodules which proliferate and coalesce rapidly to form diffuse papillomatous clusters or as papillomatous, bulbous masses of varying sizes. Topical podophyllin may be used or surgical excision may be needed to treat the lesion. 

The term poikilokaryosis refers to :

 # The term poikilokaryosis refers to :

A. Alteration of nuclear cytoplasmic ratio

B. large, prominent nucleii

C. division of nuclei without division of cytoplasm

D. loss of polarity and disorientation of cells

The correct answer is C. Division of nuclei without division of cytoplasm.

Criteria for diagnosis of epithelial dysplasia in carcinoma include: 

• Increased abnormal mitoses 

• Individual cell keratinisation 

• Epithelial pearls in the spinous layer 

• Alterations in nuclear Cytoplasmic ratio 

• Loss of polarity and disorientation of cells 

• Hyper chromatism 

• Large nucleoli 

• Dyskaryosis or nuclear atypism including giant nuclei. 

• Poikilokarynosis or division of nuclei without division of cytoplasm 

• Basilar hyperplasia Individual cell keratinisation and epithelial pearl formation is absent in carcinoma in situ or intra epithelial carcinoma.