Angular osseous defects cannot occur in:

 # Angular osseous defects cannot occur in:

A. Mandibular anterior region

B. Mandibular molar region

C. Maxillary premolar region

D. Maxillary molar region

The correct answer is A. Mandibular anterior region.

Angular osseous defects cannot occur in the mandibular anterior region due to the absence of cancellous bone between the cortical plates.

Which of the following is not a risk indicator for periodontitis?

 # Which of the following is not a risk indicator for periodontitis?

A. HIV/AIDS

B. Bleeding on probing

C. Infrequent dental appointment

D. Osteoporosis

The correct answer is B. Bleeding on probing.

• A risk factor is an environmental, behavioral, or biological factor that, if present directly increases the probability of a disease (or adverse event) occurring and, if absent or removed, reduces that probability.

• A risk indicator is a probable risk factor that has not been confirmed by carefully conducted longitudinal studies. 

• A risk predictor is a characteristic that is associated with an elevated risk for a disease (or adverse event), but may not be part of the causal chain. 

Risk determinants/background characteristics for periodontal disease 

• Genetic Factors 

• Age 

• Gender 

• Socioeconomic status 

• Stress 

Risk indicators for periodontal disease 

• Human Immunodeficiency Virus/Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome 

• Osteoporosis 

• Infrequent Dental Visits 

Risk markers/predictors for periodontal disease 

• Previous History of Periodontal disease 

• Bleeding on Probing 

Workhorse of periodontal therapy is:

 # Workhorse of periodontal therapy is:

A. Double papilla flap

B. Apically repositioned flap

C. Coronally displaced flap

D. Laterally repositioned flap

The correct answer is B. Apically repositioned flap.

An apically displaced (positioned) flap (APF) is a full-thickness or partial-thickness mucoperiosteal flap. It has a relatively high degree of predictability and is a "workhorse" of periodontal therapy. 

Reversed architecture is most commonly found in:

 # Reversed architecture is most commonly found in:

A. Trauma from occlusion

B. Retrograde periodontitis

C. Aggressive periodontitis

D. ANUP

The correct answer is A. Trauma from occlusion.

Reversed architecture defects are produced by a loss of interdental bone, including the facial plates and the lingual plates, without a concomitant loss of radicular bone, thereby reversing the normal

architecture. Such defects are more common in the maxilla.