Analysis of skull shape and size, supraorbital ridge, extension of zygomatic arch beyond external meatus, measurement of angle of mandible helps in:

 # Analysis of skull shape and size, supraorbital ridge, extension of zygomatic arch beyond external meatus, measurement of angle of mandible helps in:

A. Sex determination

B. Racial determination

C. Age determination

D. Ethnicity determination

The correct answer is A. Sex determination.

Skull and facial features like mastoid process, supraorbital ridges, size and architecture of skull can help in determining the sex of patient in 94% cases. 

Sex differentiation (Sexing) of a specimen: It can be done using methods as below: 

 Using craniofacial morphology: The following 6 traits give accurate results 94% times: 

- Mastoid process 

- Supraorbital ridge \

- Size and architecture of skull 

- Extension of the zygomatic arch beyond the external auditory canal 

- Nasal aperture and 

- Gonial angle (on the mandible) (Including more features increases accuracy by 2%) 

Prolonged retention is usually needed in:

 # Prolonged retention is usually needed in:

A. Diastema

B. Mild crowding

C. Anterior cross bite

D. Deep bite

The correct answer is A. Diastema.

Fixed (bonded) orthodontic retainers are normally used where intra-arch instability is anticipated and prolonged retention is planned. There are three major indications:

• Maintenance of lower incisor position during late growth

• Diastema maintenance

• Maintenance of posterior tooth position in adults

Reference: Proffit's Contemporary Orthodontics, 6th Edition.

Root shape before and after orthodontic treatment with radiographic evidence was first given by:

 # Root shape before and after orthodontic treatment with radiographic evidence was first given by:

A. Kaley and Phillip

B. Newman and Proffit

C. Ketcham AH

D. Malmgren and Lavendar

The correct answer is C. Ketcham AH.

Albert H. Ketcham was born on August 3, 1870, and grew up in Whiting, Vermont. He graduated from the Boston Dental School in 1892, then moved to Colorado due to ill health. Inspired by the challenges

of the young profession of orthodontics, he chose to enter the Angle School of Orthodontia in 1902. As a deep thinker with an inquiring mind, Ketcham explored many of the philosophical and mechanical

problems, as well as the controversies of the profession of his day. He was one of the first to investigate root resorption, which continues to be a challenge today. He began to question some of Angle’s arbitrary pronouncements, causing Angle to attack him vehemently as a deviationist. He was smart enough to travel his own way from that time on. He worked hard to improve the American Society of Orthodontists (ASO) and served as their president in 1929. He was also instrumental in founding the American Board of Orthodontists (ABO), serving as its first president. In recognizing his lifetime of service, the Albert H. Ketcham Memorial is made to the individual member annually in recognition

of contributions made to the art and science of orthodontics. This award was meant to perpetuate and inspire the member as a leader in orthodontics following the example set by Dr. Ketcham. 

He pioneered dental radiography and was the first US orthodontist to install an x-ray laboratory. He delivered the first paper on x-rays in orthodontics to the American Society of Orthodontists in 1910. In 1926 he presented the first comprehensive data on root resorption.46 Although the earliest mention of root resorption in permanent teeth goes back to 1856, it was a report by Ketcham in 1927 (followed by a second in 1929) that finally aroused the concern of orthodontists.

Reference: ORTHODONTICS Current Principles and Techniques, Lee W. Graber, 7th Edition.

Non caseating granuloma with bilateral Hilar lymphadenopathy is a feature of:

 # Non caseating granuloma with bilateral Hilar lymphadenopathy is a feature of:

A. Histoplasmosis

B. Sarcoidosis

C. Silicosis

D. Tannosis

The correct answer is B. Sarcoidosis.

Sarcoidosis is described as a multisystem granulomatous disease of unknown origin characterized by the formation of uniform, discrete, compact, non-caseating epithelioid granulomas. It is more common in blacks than in whites. Though many investigators have regarded this disease, of unknown etiology, both infective and noninfective agents have been implicated. Currently the infectious etiology is more favored with focus on Mycobacterium and Propionibacterium. It is interesting to note that there was a belief that sarcoidosis is in some way related to tuberculosis. The factors which stood against were inability to culture the bacteria from the pathological tissues and difficulty in identifying them in stained sections.

Reference: Shafer's Textbook of Oral Pathology 7th Edition.