Inter transitional stage refers to:

Inter transitional stage refers to:

A. Stage of eruption of first permanent molar to  4 to 5 years age

B. Stage of eruption of molars at 6 to 8 years of age

C. Stage where 12 primary and 12 permanent teeth are present in the oral cavity

D. Stage of eruption of permanent canine and premolars

The correct answer is C. Stage where 12 primary and 12 permanent teeth are present in the oral cavity

Mixed dentition period is classified into three phases:

1. First transitional period (6 to 8 years of age)

- emergence of first permanent molars

- exchange of deciduous incisors with permanent incisors

2. Inter transitional period (lasts for around 1.5 years)

- relatively stable phase with no changes occurring in the dentition

- teeth present are permanent incisors and first molars and deciduous canines and molars (so 12 primary and 12 permanent teeth are normally seen in this stage)

3. Second transitional period (9-10 year of age)

- Starts with shedding of posterior teeth

- Emergence of canines, premolars and second permanent molars

- correction of ugly duckling stage

Closed bite is seen in which type of malocclusion?

 # Closed bite is seen in which type of malocclusion?

A. Class I

B. Class II div 1

C. Class II div 2

D. Class III

The correct answer is C. Class II div 2.

Some children exhibit a skeletal vertical deficiency (short face), almost always in conjunction with an anterior deep bite and some degree of mandibular deficiency and often with a Class II division 2 malocclusion. The reduced face height is often accompanied by everted and prominent lips that would be normal if the face height were normal.

Ref: Proffit's Contemporary Orthodontics, 6th Edition

Salivary gland aplasia is seen in:

 # Salivary gland aplasia is seen in:

A. Hemifacial microsomia

B. LADD syndrome

C. Mandibulofacial dysostosis

D. All of the above

The correct answer is D. All of the above.

Aplasia occurs for unknown reasons as an isolated finding or in conjunction with other developmental defects such as hemifacial microsomia, the LADD syndrome and mandibulo-facial dysostosis (Treacher Collins). In the more severe cases, the ensuing xerostomia causes clinical problems. Salivary loss leads to increased caries, burning sensations, oral infections, taste aberrations and difficulty with denture retention. 

Arthropda vectors are responsible for disease transmission of the following diseases EXCEPT:

 # Arthropda vectors are responsible for disease transmission of the following diseases EXCEPT:

A. Malaria and Yellow fever

B. Typhus fever and Rocky mountain fever

C. Dengue fever and Japanese encephalitis

D. Diphtheria and tetanus

The correct answer is D. Diphtheria and tetanus.

The primary vectors for malaria are female mosquitoes of the Anopheles genus. Among the various species of Anopheles mosquitoes, Anopheles gambiae, Anopheles funestus, and Anopheles stephensi are particularly important in the transmission of malaria. These mosquitoes can carry and transmit the Plasmodium parasites, which cause malaria in humans.

The primary vector for yellow fever is the Aedes aegypti mosquito. This mosquito species is also known to transmit other diseases such as dengue, chikungunya, and Zika virus. Yellow fever is caused by the yellow fever virus (YFV), and the Aedes aegypti mosquito becomes infected when it bites a person already infected with the virus.

Typhus fever is a group of infectious diseases caused by different species of Rickettsia bacteria. The bacteria are transmitted to humans through the bite of infected arthropods, primarily body lice in the case of epidemic typhus.

American dog tick (Dermacentor variabilis) and Rocky Mountain wood tick (Dermacentor andersoni) are the primary vectors for Rocky Mountain spotted fever (caused by Rickettsia rickettsii).

Dengue fever is caused by the dengue virus, which is transmitted to humans through the bite of infected Aedes mosquitoes. Dengue is a significant public health concern in many tropical and subtropical regions.

Japanese encephalitis is caused by the Japanese encephalitis virus, which is transmitted to humans through the bite of infected Culex mosquitoes. It is a mosquito-borne viral infection prevalent in parts of Asia.

Diphtheria and tetanus are not transmitted by any vectors such as insects or animals.