Commonest type of lung carcinoma in non smokers:

# Commonest type of lung carcinoma in non smokers:

A. Squamous cell carcinoma

B. Adenocarcinoma

C. Alveolar cell carcinoma

D. Small cell carcinoma

The correct answer is B. Adenocarcinoma. 

Types of Lung Carcinoma:

There are two main types of lung cancer: non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) and small cell lung cancer (SCLC). NSCLC is the most common type, accounting for about 80% of all lung cancers. Here's a breakdown of the options you provided:

Squamous cell carcinoma: This is a type of NSCLC that typically starts in the flat cells lining the airways of the lungs. Smoking is a major risk factor for squamous cell carcinoma.

Adenocarcinoma: This is also a type of NSCLC, and it's the most common type of lung cancer diagnosed in both smokers and non-smokers. It starts in the gland cells that make mucus in the lungs.

Alveolar cell carcinoma: This is a rare type of lung cancer that starts in the air sacs of the lungs. It's more common in smokers than non-smokers.

Small cell carcinoma: This is an aggressive type of lung cancer that can spread quickly. It's less common than NSCLC and is also more likely to occur in smokers.

Why Adenocarcinoma in Non-Smokers:

While smoking is the leading cause of lung cancer,  adenocarcinoma can develop in people who have never smoked. Here's why it's the most common type in non-smokers:

Risk Factors: Non-smoking related risk factors for adenocarcinoma include exposure to radon gas, secondhand smoke, air pollution, and a family history of lung cancer.

Cell Type: Adenocarcinoma originates in the gland cells lining the lungs, which are less affected by smoking compared to the cells targeted by squamous cell carcinoma.

Mutations:  Non-smokers with lung cancer are more likely to have specific gene mutations, particularly in the EGFR gene, which can drive the development of adenocarcinoma.

Capacitation occurs in:

 # Capacitation occurs in:

A. Female genital tract

B. Sertoli cells

C. Rete testis

D. Seminiferous tubules

The correct answer is A. Female genital tract.

Capacitation is the process that sperm undergo in the female reproductive tract to become able to fertilize an egg. It does not happen in the male reproductive organs. 

Capacitation occurs in the female reproductive tract. It’s a crucial step in the maturation of mammalian spermatozoa, rendering them competent to fertilize an oocyte. During capacitation, the sperm undergo biochemical changes that prepare them for the acrosome reaction, allowing penetration of the egg’s outer layer for fertilization. So, the correct answer is A. Female genital tract.

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Which among the following is not a feature of Mediterranean anemia?

 # Which among the following is not a feature of Mediterranean anemia?

A. Rodent like facies

B. Fessa bodies

C. Rib within rib appearance

D. Platybasia

The correct answer is D. Platybasia.

Mediterranean anemia, also known as thalassemia, is a group of inherited blood disorders characterized by reduced or absent production of normal hemoglobin. This leads to various clinical manifestations, including skeletal changes due to bone marrow expansion. However, platybasia (flattening of the skull base) is not typically associated with thalassemia.

Rodent-like facies: This is a characteristic of sickle cell anemia, not thalassemia. It refers to the overgrowth of the maxillary bones and protrusion of the upper incisors.

Fessas bodies: In heterozygotes, the disease is mild and is called thalassemia minor or thalassemia trait. It represents both α-and β-thalassemia. Homozygotes may exhibit a severe form of the disease that is called thalassemia major or homozygous -thalassemia, in which the production of β-chains is markedly decreased or absent, and a consequent decrease in synthesis of total hemoglobin occurs. This results

in severe hypochromic anemia. Furthermore, excess α-chains, which synthesize at the normal rate, precipitate as insoluble inclusion bodies within the erythrocytes and their precursors.

The presence of such intracellular inclusion bodies (Fessas bodies) leads to increased erythrocyte hemolysis and severe ineffective hematopoiesis. Approximately 70–85% of marrow normoblasts are destroyed in severely affected patients. These processes result in profound anemia and an associated increase in marrow activity, which is estimated to increase 5- to 30-fold.

Rib within rib appearance: This is also known as "rib notching" and is caused by bone marrow expansion eroding the undersurface of the ribs.

Reference:

Radiopaedia: https://radiopaedia.org/articles/thalassaemia