Clinical sign that is always positive in bone fracture is:

 # Clinical sign that is always positive in bone fracture is:

A. Crepitus

B. Tenderness

C. Abnormal mobility

D. All of the above

The correct answer is:

B. Tenderness

Explanation:
Tenderness is always present in fractures, as it reflects localized periosteal irritation and soft tissue damage.

Other signs, such as:

• Crepitus and abnormal mobility, may not be present in minor or incomplete fractures. These are typically seen in displaced or severe fractures but are not universal findings.

Endocrine disorder is the primary cause of:

 # Endocrine disorder is the primary cause of:

A. Acromegaly

B. Albright’s syndrome

C. Paget’s disease

D. Fibrous dysplasia

The correct answer is A. Acromegaly.

Explanation:

Acromegaly is primarily caused by an endocrine disorder, specifically excess growth hormone (GH) secretion, usually due to a pituitary adenoma. This leads to abnormal growth of bones and soft tissues, particularly in adults.

Other options explained:

B. Albright’s syndrome (McCune-Albright Syndrome): A genetic disorder caused by post-zygotic mutations in the GNAS gene, leading to fibrous dysplasia, café-au-lait spots, and endocrine abnormalities. It is not primarily an endocrine disorder but has endocrine manifestations.

C. Paget’s disease: A bone remodeling disorder of unclear etiology, possibly involving genetic and environmental factors, not primarily endocrine.

D. Fibrous dysplasia: A developmental bone disorder caused by activating mutations in the GNAS gene, not related to endocrine dysfunction as a primary cause.

The view which best demonstrates inflammation and temporomandibular joint effusion are:

 # The view which best demonstrates inflammation and temporomandibular joint effusion are:

A. T2 weighted MR images

B. T1 weighted MR images

C. Lateral tomogram

D. Panoramic radiograph

The correct answer is:

B. Unilateral and bilateral crossbite

Explanation:
After cleft palate repair, patients often experience unilateral or bilateral crossbite due to maxillary growth deficiencies. Surgical intervention and scarring can inhibit the forward and lateral growth of the maxilla, leading to discrepancies between the maxillary and mandibular arches. This results in crossbites, which are common in individuals with repaired cleft palate.

Other options explained:

• A. Normal occlusion: Rarely achieved without orthodontic intervention due to maxillary growth issues.
• C. Anterior open bite: Not a typical finding unless associated with other conditions or habits.
• D. Anterior deep bite: Uncommon in cleft palate cases as the maxillary hypoplasia usually prevents such occlusion.

DiGeorge syndrome is due to:

 # DiGeorge syndrome is due to:

A. Congenital thymic aplasia

B. Deficiency of complement factors

C. Inborn error of metabolism

D. Chromosomal anomaly

The correct answer is D. Chromosomal anomaly.

The correct answer is:

D. Chromosomal anomaly

Explanation: DiGeorge syndrome is caused by a chromosomal anomaly, specifically a 22q11.2 deletion. 

This deletion leads to developmental defects in the pharyngeal pouches, resulting in: Congenital thymic aplasia or hypoplasia (leading to T-cell deficiency).

Parathyroid hypoplasia (causing hypocalcemia).

Cardiac defects (e.g., Tetralogy of Fallot, interrupted aortic arch).

Facial dysmorphisms.

Other options explained:

A. Congenital thymic aplasia: While thymic aplasia is a feature of DiGeorge syndrome, it is secondary to the chromosomal deletion.

B. Deficiency of complement factors: Seen in complement pathway defects, not in DiGeorge syndrome.

C. Inborn error of metabolism: DiGeorge syndrome is not related to metabolic enzyme deficiencies.