The function of reciprocal clasp arm is:

 # The function of reciprocal clasp arm is:

A. To balance the denture 

B. To act as a direct retainer 

C. To counteract the movement of denture which is caused during engagement of retentive arm  

D. None of the above 

The correct answer is C.  To counteract the movement of denture which is caused during engagement of retentive arm 

The rigid reciprocal arm helps in reciprocating stress generated against the tooth by the retentive arm. It also stabilizes the denture against horizontal movement and is always situated above the height of contour. 

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Intracoronal retainer placed in the abutment tooth has the following disadvantage:

 # Intracoronal retainer placed in the abutment tooth has the following disadvantage:

A. It is unaesthetic

B. They cannot provide support and stability

C. Difficult laboratory procedures

D. Difficult to repair and replace

The correct answer is D. Difficult to repair and replace.

The advantages of internal or precision attachments are improved esthetics by elimination of a visible retentive component and vertical support. Its disadvantages are difficulty in repair and replacing, greater cost to the patient and inability to use in teeth having short clinical crowns and tissue supported distal extension denture bases. 

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A minor connector contacting the axial surface of an abutment should not be located on a:

 # A minor connector contacting the axial surface of an abutment should not be located on a:

A. Flat surface

B. Concavo-convex surface

C. Convex surface

D. Concave surface

The correct answer is C. Convex surface.

Minor connector contacting the axial surface of an abutment should not be located on a convex surface. Instead, it should be located in an embrasure. 

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The first step in surveying the cast for RPD is:

 # The first step in surveying the cast for RPD is: 

A. Establishment of guiding plane

B. Establishments of undercuts for retention

C. Establishment of tooth contour for esthetics

D. Establishment of interferences for major connector

The correct answer is A. Establishment of guiding plane.

The step by step procedures in surveying are:

- Guiding planes

- Retentive areas

- Interferences

- Esthetics

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A wrought wire clasp is considered most effective in Kennedy Class:

 # A wrought wire clasp is considered most effective in Kennedy Class: 

A. III cases for periodontally weakened abutment teeth

B. I cases for periodontally weakened abutment teeth

C. II cases for the non edentulous side

D. IV cases with periodontally weakened teeth

The correct answer is B. I cases for periodontally weakened abutment teeth.

The wrought wire clasp is generally considered to flex and be kinder to the abutment tooth periodontally although it engages the undercuts about two to three times greater than a cast clasp. 

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# Cotton wool appearance is seen in:

 # Cotton wool appearance is seen in:

A. Paget’s disease

B. Osteomyelitis

C. Fibrous dysplasia

D. Achondroplasia

The correct answer is A. Paget's disease.

The radiographic appearance of chronic diffuse sclerosing osteomyelitis is, as the name suggests,

that of a diffuse patchy, sclerosis of bone often described as ‘cotton-wool’ appearance. This radiopaque lesion may be extensive and is sometimes bilateral. In occasional cases, there is bilateral involvement of both the maxilla and the mandible in the same patient. Because of the diffuse nature of the disease, the border between the sclerosis and the normal bone is often indistinct. The pattern may actually mimic Paget’s disease of bone or cemento-osseous dysplasia.

Reference: Shafer's 

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Pathological calcification is seen in:

 # Pathological calcification is seen in:

A. Scleroderma

B. Lichen planus

C. Dystrophic epidermolysis bullosa

D. Lupus erythematosus

The correct answer is A. Scleroderma.

Pathologic calcification is a common process in a wide variety of disease states; it implies the abnormal deposition of calcium salts, together with smaller amounts of iron, magnesium, and other minerals. When the deposition occurs in dead or dying tissues, it is called dystrophic calcification; it occurs in the absence of derangements in calcium metabolism (i.e., with normal serum levels of calcium). In contrast, the deposition of calcium salts in normal tissues is known as metastatic calcification and is almost always secondary to some derangement in calcium metabolism (hypercalcemia). Of note, while hypercalcemia is not a prerequisite for dystrophic calcification, it can exacerbate it.

Systemic sclerosis can be classified into two groups on the basis of its clinical course:

• Diffuse scleroderma, characterized by initial widespread skin involvement, with rapid progression and early visceral involvement

• Limited scleroderma, with relatively mild skin involvement, often confined to the fingers and face. Involvement of the viscera occurs late, so the disease in these patients generally has a fairly benign course. This clinical presentation is also called the CREST syndrome because of its frequent features of calcinosis, Raynaud phenomenon, esophageal dysmotility, sclerodactyly, and telangiectasia.

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