# The pathological state that alters the volume of distribution of many drugs is:

  # The pathological state that alters the volume of distribution of many drugs is:

A. Septicemia

B. Duodenal ulcers

C. Congestive heart failure

D. Hypertension

The correct answer is C. Congestive heart failure.

In congestive heart failure the volume distribution is often decreased by 40% and loading doses of drugs should be appropriately reduced. Drug clearance may also be diminished due to decreased blood flow to the liver and kidneys. 

The radiographic feature of sinusitis includes:

  # The radiographic feature of sinusitis includes:

A. Fluid levels

B. Erosion of bone

C. Clouding of antra

D. Clouding and fluid level

The correct answer is D. Clouding and fluid level.

Radiographic features of maxillary sinusitis: Water's view / Occipitomental 15° is the most valuable radiograph 

Odontogenic sinusitis: 

• Either totally opaque sinus or a fluid level 

Acute maxillary sinusitis: 

• Shows uniform opacity. Sometimes a fluid level is discernible. 

Chronic maxillary sinusitis: 

• Shows pansinusitis. 

• Presence of Fluid level 

• Thickened lining membrane 

• Opaque air space may enclose polyps associated with mucosal thickening 

• In case of presence of tooth or root, the characteristic outline is seen within the sinus. 

Widening of PDL with thickened lamina dura is often seen in:

  # Widening of PDL with thickened lamina dura is often seen in:

A. TFO

B. Chronic periodontitis

C. Apical periodontitis

D. Gingivitis

The correct answer is A. TFO.

Radiographic signs of trauma from occlusion may include the following: 

• Increased width of the periodontal space, often with thickening of the lamina dura along the lateral aspect of the root, in the apical region, and in bifurcation areas. 

• A "vertical" rather than "horizontal" destruction of the interdental septum. 

• Radiolucency and condensation of the alveolar bone. 

• Root resorption 

What percentage of the population is in class I occlusion?

  # What percentage of the population is in class I occlusion?

A. Less than 5 %

B. 25 %

C. 50 %

D. 70 %

The correct answer is D. 70 %.

Approximately 70% of the population is in class I occlusion. Approximately 25% of the population is in class II occlusion, and less than 5% of the population is in class III occlusion. 

Peri implant sulcular epithelium:

  # Peri implant sulcular epithelium:

A. Non keratinized

B. Both keratinized and non keratinized

C.  Attaches itself to smooth surface of neck profile of MIS (Mini implant screw) with hemidesmosomes

D. Serve as barrier for microbes

The correct answer is: A. Non keratinized.

After 3 months, all implants were firmly anchored in the bone and had no clinical signs of peri-implant inflammation. Undecalcified histologic sections demonstrated that all implants achieved osseointegration with direct bone contact. 

• The epithelial structures showed a peri-implant sulcus with a non-keratinized sulcular epithelium and a junctional epithelium. 

• Ultrastructural examination of the long junctional epithelial attachment adjacent to dental implants has demonstrated that epithelial cells attach with a basal lamina and hemidesmosomes. 

• Note that the intrasulcular tissue appears more erythematosus as the result of the thin, nonkeratinized layer of epithelium overlying the connective tissue. 

Correct treatment of a patient with ANUG is:

  # Correct treatment of a patient with ANUG is:

A. Amoxicillin 500 mg three times daily for 5 days and 0.2 % chlorhexidine mouthwashes twice daily 

B. Erythromycin 250 mg four times daily for 5 days and 0.2 % chlorhexidine mouthwashes twice daily 

C. Scaling and oral hygiene instruction 

D. Metronidazole 400 mg three times daily for 5 days and hydrogen peroxide mouthwash twice daily  

The correct answer is D. Metronidazole 400 mg three times daily for 5 days and hydrogen peroxide mouthwash twice daily. 

ANUG is a very painful condition. The most efficacious mouthwash is hydrogen peroxide, and the bacterial component is treated with metronidazole. Amoxicillin and erythromycin would be ineffective in the treatment of this condition. 

Inter transitional period is the period in which:

  # Inter transitional period is the period in which:

A. Permanent canine, premolar and molar erupt

B. Permanent molar has just erupted

C. 7-9 years of age with 12 primary and 12 permanent teeth

D. When all first molars are erupting

The correct answer is C. 7-9 years of age with 12 primary and 12 permanent teeth

Inter transitional period:

• Relatively stable phase 

• Teeth present are the permanent incisors and first molar (8 + 4 = 12) and deciduous canines and molars (4 + 8 = 12) 

Some of the features of this stage are: 

• Presence of Ugly duckling stage (7 to 9 years) 

• Root formation of emerged teeth + increase in alveolar process height 

• Root resorption of remaining deciduous molars 

• Preparatory phase for second transitional phase