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Bilaminar disc is formed during which period of embryonic events?

 # Bilaminar disc is formed during which period of embryonic events?
A. 1st week
B. 3rd week
C. 2nd week
D. 4th week


The correct answer is C. 2nd Week. 

The bilaminar disc is formed during the second week of embryonic development. This period is known as the second week because it follows the first week of embryonic development, which primarily involves the formation of the blastocyst. During the second week, the blastocyst undergoes implantation into the uterine wall, and the embryonic bilaminar disc forms. The bilaminar disc consists of two layers called the epiblast and the hypoblast, which are important for the subsequent development of the embryo.

During which period of human prenatal development does the congenital defects occur?

 # During which period of human prenatal development does the congenital defects occur?
A. Period of ovum
B. Period of embryo
C. Period of morula
D. Period of fetus



The correct answer is B. Period of embryo.

Congenital defects can occur during the period of embryo development. This period typically spans from the third to the eighth week after fertilization. It is during this time that the major organs and body systems begin to form, making the embryo particularly susceptible to external factors that can interfere with normal development and result in congenital defects.

What are the three successive prenatal phases in human development?

 # What are the three successive prenatal phases in human development?
A. Period of ovum, embryo, morula
B. Period of embryo, ovum, foetus
C. Period of ovum, embryo, foetus
D. Foetus, embryo, ovum



The correct answer is. C.  Period of ovum, embryo, and foetus.

The three successive prenatal phases in human development are:

Period of Ovum: This phase begins with fertilization, where the sperm penetrates the egg to form a zygote. The zygote then undergoes rapid cell division through mitosis, forming a ball of cells called a blastocyst.

Period of Embryo: During this phase, the blastocyst implants into the uterine wall and undergoes further development. The cells differentiate and specialize, forming the various tissues and organs of the developing embryo. This period generally extends from the third week to the eighth week of pregnancy.

Period of Fetus: This phase starts after the eighth week of pregnancy and continues until birth. The developing organism is now called a fetus. During this period, the organs continue to mature, and the fetus grows in size and complexity until it is ready for delivery.


Who was the first surgeon to devise an obturator for the treatment of cleft palate?

 # Who was the first surgeon to devise an obturator for the treatment of cleft palate?
A. Paul Aegina 
B. Ambrose Pare
C. John Hunter 
D. Norman Kingsley


The correct answer is B. Ambrose Pare. 

Ambrose Pare, a French surgeon in the 16th century, is credited with devising the first obturator for the treatment of cleft palate. An obturator is a prosthetic device used to close the gap in the roof of the mouth caused by a cleft palate, enabling improved speech and feeding for individuals with this condition. Ambrose Pare made significant contributions to the field of surgery and is considered one of the pioneers in the treatment of cleft palate.

Who was against the extraction of teeth for the achievement of stable results?

 # Who was against the extraction of teeth for the achievement of stable results?
A. Martin Dewey 
B. Edward H. Angle
C. Calvin Case 
D. Lawrence Andrews


The correct answer is B. Edward H. Angle.

Edward H. Angle, often considered the father of modern orthodontics, was known for his strong opposition to the extraction of teeth for orthodontic treatment. He believed in the concept of "normal occlusion" and advocated non-extraction treatment approaches. Angle believed that proper alignment and positioning of the teeth could be achieved without tooth extraction, even in cases of crowding or irregularity. 

CHIRANJEEVI DENTAL CLINIC, Boudha-6, Tusal

 Name of Dental Clinic: CHIRANJEEVI DENTAL CLINIC
Address (Full): Boudha-6, Tusal (opposite to kfc)
Year of Establishment: 2078
Name of the chief Dental Surgeon: DR ROJINA SHRESTHA
CONTACT NUMBER: 9849105331
NMC Number of Dental Surgeon: 25557

Examining the Potential for Quackery Among Registered Dentists

Registered dentists play a crucial role in maintaining oral health and providing necessary dental care. They are trained professionals who undergo rigorous education and licensure processes to ensure their competence and adherence to ethical standards. However, like any profession, there is always a risk of a few individuals engaging in unethical practices or quackery. Quackery refers to the promotion of fraudulent or ineffective treatments by individuals falsely claiming to possess medical expertise. This essay explores the potential reasons why registered dentists may engage in quackery and the measures in place to prevent such practices.

1. Lack of Ethical Commitment:
While the majority of registered dentists uphold high ethical standards, a small percentage may prioritize financial gain over patient well-being. The pressure to generate revenue or competition within the dental industry can tempt some dentists to offer unnecessary treatments or recommend unproven procedures for monetary gain. This unethical behavior compromises patient trust and can lead to ineffective or harmful treatments.

2. Limited Regulatory Oversight:
Although dental regulatory bodies exist to monitor and regulate the dental profession, their resources and oversight capabilities may be limited. This can create gaps in monitoring and enforcing ethical standards, allowing a few unscrupulous dentists to engage in quackery undetected. Insufficient regulation can contribute to a lack of accountability, potentially enabling fraudulent practices to persist.

3. Inadequate Continuing Education:
Dentistry is a rapidly evolving field, with new technologies, techniques, and research emerging regularly. Dentists who fail to stay updated on the latest advancements may be more susceptible to resorting to outdated or ineffective treatments. Lack of continuing education can lead to stagnation in professional development and reliance on methods that may not provide optimal patient outcomes.




4. Patient Demand and Misinformation:
Patients often seek quick and inexpensive dental solutions, leading to a demand for shortcuts or miracle treatments. Unscrupulous dentists may exploit this demand by offering unproven or pseudoscientific procedures, capitalizing on patients' lack of knowledge or desperation. Misinformation from unreliable sources or popular trends can further contribute to patient susceptibility to quackery.

Measures to Address Quackery Among Registered Dentists:

1. Strengthened Regulation and Oversight:
Dental regulatory bodies should enhance their monitoring and enforcement capabilities to detect and take swift action against dentists involved in unethical practices. Regular audits, inspections, and mandatory reporting mechanisms can help identify suspicious behavior and protect patients from potential harm.

2. Promoting Continuing Education:
Continuing education programs should be encouraged and incentivized to ensure dentists stay updated on the latest advancements and evidence-based practices. Emphasizing the importance of professional development can discourage complacency and foster a commitment to delivering quality care.

3. Public Education and Awareness:
Efforts to educate the public about oral health, the importance of seeking treatment from qualified professionals, and recognizing the signs of quackery can empower patients to make informed decisions. Increased awareness can help patients distinguish between legitimate dental practices and fraudulent ones.

4. Professional Accountability:
Dental professional organizations should reinforce the importance of ethical conduct and hold their members accountable for their actions. Encouraging peer reporting and establishing mechanisms to address complaints can help identify and address quackery within the profession.

Conclusion:
While the majority of registered dentists adhere to ethical standards and provide high-quality care, the possibility of quackery within the dental profession cannot be completely eliminated. Factors such as financial motivations, inadequate regulation, and patient demand contribute to the potential for unscrupulous practices. However, through strengthened regulation, continuing education, public awareness, and professional accountability, efforts can be made to prevent and address quackery. It is crucial for both dental professionals and patients to remain vigilant, ensuring that dental care is sought from qualified, ethical dentists who prioritize patient well-being and adhere to evidence-based practices. By fostering a culture of integrity and accountability within the dental community, we can collectively work towards safeguarding the trust and health of patients while upholding the standards of the dental profession.