Listerine is contraindicated in patients taking:

 # Listerine is contraindicated in patients taking:

A. Phenytoin

B. Cyclosporin

C. Nifedipine

D. Disulfiram

The correct answer is D. Disulfiram.

Listerine antiseptic and its generic counterparts are approved by the ADA Council on Dental Therapeutics to help prevent and reduce supragingival plaque and gingivitis. The active ingredients

in Listerine are methyl salicylate and three essential oils (eucalyptol, thymol, and menthol). Listerine has been shown to be effective in reducing plaque and gingivitis compared with placebo rinses in young healthy adults. Listerine may exacerbate xerostomia because of its high alcohol content, ranging from 21.6% to 26.9%. Listerine is generally contraindicated in patients under treatment for alcoholism

who take Antabuse (disulfiram). Listerine may benefit patients who do not tolerate the taste or staining of chlorhexidine and who prefer OTC medicaments that are less expensive and easier to obtain.

Reference: Carranza's Clinical Periodontology, 12th Edition, Page no: 450

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Only antibiotic in periodontal therapy to which all strains of A. actinomycetemcomitans are susceptible:

 # The only antibiotic in periodontal therapy to which all strains of A. actinomycetemcomitans are susceptible:

A. Azithromycin

B. Ciprofloxacin

C. Cvefidipine

D. Metronidazole

The correct answer is B. Ciprofloxacin.

Ciprofloxacin

Pharmacology: Ciprofloxacin is a quinolone that is active against gram-negative rods, including all facultative and some anaerobic putative periodontal pathogens.

Clinical Use: Because it demonstrates a minimal effect on Streptococcus species, which are associated with periodontal health, ciprofloxacin therapy may facilitate the establishment of a microflora that is associated with periodontal health. At present, ciprofloxacin is the only antibiotic in periodontal therapy to which all strains of A. actinomycetemcomitans are susceptible. It has also been used in combination with metronidazole.

Reference: Carranza's Clinical Periodontology, 12th Edition, Page no: 519

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Most aggressive bacteria penetrating connective tissue and resulting in bone destruction

 # Which of the following contains most aggressive bacteria penetrating connective tissue and resulting in bone destruction?

A. Subgingival unattached plaque

B. Subgingival tooth attached plaque

C. Subgingival attached plaque

D. Supragingival plaque

The correct answer is A. Subgingival unattached plaque.

The total width of the plaque-free zone varies according to the type of tooth (i.e., it is wider in the molars than in the incisors) and the depth of the pocket (i.e., it is narrower in deeper pockets). It is important to remember that the term plaque-free zone refers only to attached plaque, because unattached plaque contains a variety of gram-positive and gram-negative morphotypes, including cocci, rods, filaments, fusiforms, and spirochetes. The most apical zone contains predominantly gram-negative rods and cocci.

Reference: Carranza's Clinical Periodontology, 12th Edition, Page no: 285.

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The predominant immunoglobulin in gingival fluid is:

 # The predominant immunoglobulin in gingival fluid is:

A. IgA

B. IgG

C. IgM

D. IgE

The correct answer is B. IgG.

High levels of antibodies appear in GCF (in addition to those in the circulation), and these are produced locally by plasma cells in periodontal tissues. Antibodies to periodontal pathogens are primarily IgG, with few IgM or IgA types produced.

Reference: Carranza's Clinical Periodontology, 12th Edition, Page no: 97

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