Salt and pepper appearance in radiograph is seen in:

# Salt and pepper appearance in radiograph is seen in:

A. Osteoporosis

B. Osteopetrosis

C. Sickle cell anemia

D. Thalassemia

The correct answer is D. Thalassemia.

"Crew - cut" or "Hair - on - end" appearance of skull is characteristic of both sickle cell anemia and thalassemia. In thalassemia radiographs of maxilla and mandible shows characteristic apparent coarsening of some trabeculae and the blurring and disappearance of others, resulting in "salt and pepper" effect.

Primary HSV infection for first few days is associated with elevated level of immunoglobulin:

 # Primary HSV infection for first few days is associated with elevated level of immunoglobulin: 

A. IgG 

B. IgA 

C. IgM 

D. IgE 

The correct answer is C. IgM.

Primary HSV infection is associated with elevated immunoglobulin (Ig)M titers that occur within days, followed several weeks later by permanent IgG titers (seroconversion) that indicate previous infection but confer no protection against reactivation. Recurrent infection is associated with a rise in IgG antibody titer in acute and convalescent sera, but a fourfold rise (a criterion that indicates active infection) is seen in only 5% of patients. The assay for HSV IgM is not particularly reliable for diagnostic purposes and overall, the use of serology to diagnose recurrent infection is not advised.

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HSV-1 infection spreading through the sport of wrestling

 # HSV-1 infection of skin spread through the sport of wrestling. This is called: 

A. Herpetic whitlow 

B. Herpes gladiatorum 

C. Herpes zoster sine 

D. Herpetic shingles 

The correct answer is B. Herpes gladiatorum.

HSV‐1 or ‐2 may cause herpes whitlow, an infection of the fingers when virus is inoculated into the fingers through a break in the skin. This was a common occupational hazard (including within the dental profession) before the widespread use of gloves. Other HSV‐1 infections include herpes gladiatorum (infections of the skin spread through the sport of wrestling), herpes encephalitis, HSV esophagitis, HSV pneumonia and neonatal and disseminated infection.

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Stieglitz pliers are used to:

 # Stieglitz pliers are used to:

A. Contour matrix bands

B. Hold the silver point

C. Remove roots during hemisection

D. Place rubber dam clamp on the tooth

The correct answer is B. Hold the silver point.

Stieglitz forceps come with carbide tips for extra grip and are used for retrieving separated files, silver points, and root fragments.

For the orientation use the following:

North South (N/S) - bucco-lingual chamber orientation of anteriors and bicuspids

East West (E/W) - mesio-distal chamber orientation of molars