Aspirin produces all of the following effects EXCEPT:

  # Aspirin produces all of the following effects EXCEPT:

A. Frank gastric bleeding

B. Prolonged prothrombin time

C. Platelet dysfunction

D. Constipation

The correct answer is D. Constipation.

Adverse effects of aspirin 

• Increased blood loss due to antiplatelet activity 

• Hypersensitivity and idiosyncrasy 

• Salt and water retention 

• Reye's syndrome- a rare form of hepatic encephalopathy seen in children having viral infection (influenza virus) 

Hypothalamic nucleus mainly involved in the secretion of ADH is:

  # Hypothalamic nucleus mainly involved in the secretion of ADH is:

A. Preoptic

B. Supraoptic

C. Paraventricular

D. Suprachiasmatic

The correct answer is B. Supraoptic.

The human pituitary gland consists essentially of two parts both controlled by the hypothalamus. The glandular part is the adenohypophysis or anterior lobe and the neural part is the neurohypophysis or posterior lobe. Both the supraoptic and paraventricular nuclei exert control over both the hormones ADH and oxytocin. But in specific ADH is secreted mainly by supraoptic nucleus of hypothalamus and oxytocin mainly by paraventricular nucleus. From hypothalamus, these hormones are transported to posterior pituitary through hypothalamic- hypophyseal tract by axonal flow. 

# The pathological state that alters the volume of distribution of many drugs is:

  # The pathological state that alters the volume of distribution of many drugs is:

A. Septicemia

B. Duodenal ulcers

C. Congestive heart failure

D. Hypertension

The correct answer is C. Congestive heart failure.

In congestive heart failure the volume distribution is often decreased by 40% and loading doses of drugs should be appropriately reduced. Drug clearance may also be diminished due to decreased blood flow to the liver and kidneys. 

The radiographic feature of sinusitis includes:

  # The radiographic feature of sinusitis includes:

A. Fluid levels

B. Erosion of bone

C. Clouding of antra

D. Clouding and fluid level

The correct answer is D. Clouding and fluid level.

Radiographic features of maxillary sinusitis: Water's view / Occipitomental 15° is the most valuable radiograph 

Odontogenic sinusitis: 

• Either totally opaque sinus or a fluid level 

Acute maxillary sinusitis: 

• Shows uniform opacity. Sometimes a fluid level is discernible. 

Chronic maxillary sinusitis: 

• Shows pansinusitis. 

• Presence of Fluid level 

• Thickened lining membrane 

• Opaque air space may enclose polyps associated with mucosal thickening 

• In case of presence of tooth or root, the characteristic outline is seen within the sinus.