Epigenetic factors controlling the growth of skeleton are:

 # Epigenetic factors controlling the growth of skeleton are:

A. Genetic factors present within skeleton

B. Genetic factors present outside skeleton

C. Local genetic factors

D. General non-genetic factors

The correct answer is B. Genetic factors present outside the skeleton.

According to "Van Limborgh's" multifactorial theory, growth is under control of genetic and environmental factors. Intrinsic genetic factors are the factors present within the skeleton. Epigenetic factors present outside the skull and manifests their influence in indirect way by intermediary action on associated structures Eg:- Eyes, brain etc. 

All of the following increase primary stability of miniscrew implants EXCEPT:

 # All of the following increase primary stability of miniscrew implants EXCEPT: 

A. Cortical predrilling

B. Cortical bone thickness

C. Spongy bone thickness

D. Length or diameter

The correct answer is A. Cortical predrilling

• Studies about various miniscrew designs to improve primary stability are increasing. Different changes in screw diameter, length and the design of the threads have been investigated

• Primary stability is influenced and increased by optimum loading, good bone density, more cortical bone thickness, advance screw design and root proximity. 

• Drill free method of MSI insertion is much better than pre-drilled method for primary stability of mini screw implants as in case of pre drilled method more heat is produced which leads to compromised bone regeneration hence jeopardize implant stability. 

The characteristic feature of Brader arch form is:

 # The characteristic feature of Brader arch form is:

A. Resembles metal chain hanging from two ends

B. Expanded in second molar region

C. Constricted in second molar region

D. Offsets in premolar region are present

The correct answer is C. Constricted in the second molar region.

Brader arch form: 

• Based on a trifocal ellipse 

• Trifocal ellipse almost the same wide as the catenary curve anterior segment 

• It has a somewhat wider premolar segment than the catenary curve 

• In the posterior segment trifocal ellipse constricts gradually while catenary curve does not 

• This arch form is more constricted or closely approximate at 2nd & 3rd molars 

An early prepubertal growth spurt indicates:

 # An early prepubertal growth spurt indicates:

a) Longer treatment time 

b) Fast maturing child

c) Slow maturing child 

d) An endocrine dysfunction

The correct answer is B. Fast maturing child.

An early prepubertal growth spurt can indicate a fast-maturing child. In general, girls experience a growth spurt before boys, with the average age of onset around 10 years for girls and 12 years for boys. However, in some cases, children may experience an early prepubertal growth spurt, which can occur before the typical age of onset.

While an early prepubertal growth spurt can be a sign of a fast-maturing child, it is not necessarily an indication of longer treatment time or an endocrine dysfunction. The timing and duration of growth spurts can vary widely among children and are influenced by a variety of factors, including genetics, nutrition, and overall health. If there are concerns about a child's growth or development, it is important to consult a healthcare provider for evaluation and guidance.