How many hours after appliance placement does orthodontic pain peak?

 # How many hours after appliance placement does orthodontic pain peak?

A. 10 minutes.

B. 1 hour.

C. 24 hours.

D. 48 hours.

The correct answer is C. 24 hours.

It is generally considered that orthodontic pain starts at around 2 hours after appliance placement, with some studies reporting that this is the case for between 91% and 97% of orthodontic patients. It then usually peaks at 24 hours before gradually subsiding over the next 5 to 7 days. Interestingly, it would seem that up to 25% of orthodontic patients report experiencing pain for longer than 7 days.

In pain pathways the smaller primary unmyelinated fibres are called:

 # In pain pathways the smaller primary unmyelinated fibres are called:

 A. A fibres. 

B. B fibres. 

C. C fibres. 

D. D fibres.

The correct answer is:

C. C fibres

Explanation: C fibres are small, unmyelinated nerve fibers that conduct pain signals slowly. They are primarily responsible for transmitting dull, burning, or aching pain (slow pain) and are involved in the prolonged, less localized pain sensation.

A fibres: Include A-delta fibers, which are myelinated and transmit sharp, localized pain quickly (fast pain).

B fibres: Small, myelinated fibers mainly involved in autonomic functions.

D fibres: This category does not exist in standard nomenclature for nerve fibers.

Enzyme marker of acute alcohol toxicity

 # A person with a long history of alcohol intake reports with acute alcohol intoxication. Which of the following enzymes is a marker of acute toxicity?

A. AST

B. ALT

C. GGT

D. Alkaline phosphatase

The correct answer is:

C. GGT (Gamma-Glutamyl Transferase)

Explanation:
Gamma-glutamyl transferase (GGT) is a sensitive marker for alcohol consumption and acute alcohol toxicity. It is elevated in conditions involving liver damage, particularly from chronic alcohol use. While AST and ALT may also be elevated in liver damage, GGT is more specific for alcohol-related effects. Alkaline phosphatase is primarily associated with biliary obstruction or bone disorders.

Calcium hydroxide applied directly to the exposed pulp to preserve its vitality

 # A patient with pulp exposure has calcium hydroxide applied directly to the exposed pulp to preserve its vitality. What is this procedure called?

A. Indirect pulp capping

B. Partial pulpotomy

C. Direct pulp capping

D. Cvek pulpotomy

The correct answer is:

C. Direct pulp capping

Direct pulp capping involves the application of a biocompatible material, such as calcium hydroxide, directly onto an exposed pulp to preserve its vitality and encourage the formation of reparative dentin.