Which of the following materials has been shown to stimulate reparative dentine formation most effectively when applied to the pulpal wall of a very deep cavity?

 # Which of the following materials has been shown to stimulate reparative dentine formation most effectively when applied to the pulpal wall of a very deep cavity?

A. Copalite varnish

B. Calcium hydroxide preparation

C. Zinc phosphate cement

D. Anhydrous glass ionomer cement

The correct answer is B. Calcium hydroxide preparation

Calcium hydroxide has been established as the gold standard for stimulating reparative dentin formation in deep cavities near the pulp. It promotes odontoblast differentiation and dentin bridge formation by releasing calcium ions, which enhance fibronectin expression and mineralization. Studies, including clinical reviews, show success rates of around 83% for indirect pulp capping with calcium hydroxide.

In comparison:

• A. Copalite varnish: Acts as a protective liner to reduce irritation but does not induce reparative dentin.
• C. Zinc phosphate cement: Provides thermal insulation as a base but lacks bioactive properties for dentin stimulation.
• D. Anhydrous glass ionomer cement: Offers fluoride release and bonding but is less effective than calcium hydroxide for reparative dentin; modified versions may help, but standard types do not match its inductive capacity.

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Difference in the amount of space needed for the accommodation of the incisors and amount of space available for them is known as:

Difference in the amount of space needed for the accommodation of the incisors and amount of space available for them is known as:

A. Primate space

B. Leeway Space of Nance

C. Anthropoid space

D. Incisal liability

D. Incisal liability

Incisal liability, also known as incisor liability, describes the space discrepancy in the mixed dentition phase where the permanent incisors require more mesiodistal width (typically 7 mm in the maxillary arch and 5 mm in the mandibular arch) than the primary incisors they replace, creating a potential crowding issue that must be accommodated by factors like interdental spacing, arch perimeter changes, or leeway space. This is distinct from primate space (A, developmental space distal to the lateral incisor), leeway space of Nance (B, difference between deciduous and permanent molars/canines), and anthropoid space (C, a less common term sometimes used interchangeably with primate space in non-human primates). 

Type of crowding that is genetically determined and is caused by disproportionately sized teeth and jaws:

Type of crowding that is genetically determined and is caused by disproportionately sized teeth and jaws:

A. Primary crowding

B. Secondary crowding

C. Tertiary crowding

D. Environmental crowding

The correct answer is A. Primary crowding. 

Primary crowding refers to a type of dental crowding caused by a genetic discrepancy in tooth and jaw sizes, such as larger teeth relative to the jaw, leading to misalignment. This contrasts with secondary crowding, which results from environmental factors like early tooth loss, and tertiary crowding, which involves late-stage incisor irregularities. Environmental crowding isn't a standard classification but aligns with secondary causes.