The space between the vocal folds is called:

 # The space between the vocal folds is called as:

A. Rima vestibuli

B. Rima glottidis

C. Rima laryngeus

D. Rima arytenoid

The correct answer is B. Rima glottidis.

Within the cavity of larynx there are two folds of the mucus membrane on each side. The upper fold is the vestibular fold and the lower fold is the vocal fold. 

The space between the right and left vestibular folds is the rima vestibuli; and the space between the vocal folds is the rima glottidis. 

The vestibular and vocal folds divide the cavity of the larynx into three parts: 

1. The part above the vestibular fold is called the vestibule of the larynx.

2. The part between the vestibular and vocal folds is called the sinus or ventricle of the larynx. 

3. The part below the vocal folds is called the infraglottic part. 

The sinus of Morgagni or ventricle of the larynx is a narrow fusiform cleft between the vestibular and vocal folds. The anterior part of the sinus is prolonged upwards as a diverticulum between the vestibular fold and the lamina of the thyroid cartilage. This extension is known as the saccule of the larynx. The saccule contains mucous glands which help to lubricate the vocal folds. 

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The tympanic membrane is supplied by the following nerves EXCEPT:

 # The tympanic membrane is supplied by the following nerves EXCEPT :

A. Auriculotemporal

B. Vagus

C. Glossopharyngeal

D. Chorda tympani

The correct answer is D. Chorda tympani.

The tympanic membrane is a thin, translucent partition between external acoustic meatus and the middle ear. It forms an obtuse angle with the floor of the external auditory meatus. It is oval in shape and measures 9*10 mm. It is placed obliquely at an angle of 55 degrees with the floor of the meatus. It faces downwards, forwards and laterally. The inner surface is convex. Its outer surface is concave. The inner surface provides attachment to handle of the malleus which extends upto its center. The point of maximum convexity lies at the tip of the handle of the malleus and is called the umbo. 

The outer surface of the tympanic membrane is supplied by the auriculotemporal nerve and the auricular branch of the vagus. The inner surface is supplied by the glossopharyngeal nerve through the tympanic plexus. 

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External acoustic meatus - Bony or Cartilaginous

 # Which of the following about external acoustic meatus is correct?

A. External acoustic meatus is purely cartilaginous in nature

B. External acoustic meatus is totally bony in nature

C. Medial side is bony in nature, whereas lateral side is cartilaginous in nature

D. Medial side is cartilaginous in nature, whereas lateral side is bony in nature

The correct answer is C. Medial side is bony in nature, whereas lateral side is cartilaginous in nature

External ear consists of auricle and the external acoustic meatus. 

External acoustic meatus is 24 mm long, of which medial two thirds (16 mm) are bony and lateral one third (8 mm) is cartilaginous. It can be examined by pulling the pinna upwards, backwards and outwards. The skin  lining the anterior half of the meatus is supplied by the auriculotemporal nerve and lining the posterior half by the auricular branch of the vagus. External auditory meatus contains modified sebaceous glands. Its floor is longer than its roof. It is narrowest near the tympanic membrane. 

Auricle is made of elastic cartilage. Nerve supply is from facial, vagus and mandibular nerve. Inflammation of the external ear is extremely painful  because its skin is highly vascular and firmly adherent to the underlying tissue. 

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In detachment of retina, the separation is between the:

# In detachment of retina, the separation is between the:

A. Choroid and retina

B. Pigmented layer and layer of rods and cornea

C. Layer of rods and cones and external limiting membrane

D. Layer of nerve fibres and internal limiting membrane

 

The correct answer is B. Pigmented layer and layer of rods and cones.

In detachment of the retina, the outer pigmented layer remains attached to the choroid, but the remaining layers of the retina separate from the pigmented layer and are displaced inwards. 

Most of the eye's interior is filled with vitreous. There are millions of fine fibres intertwined within the vitreous that are attached to the surface of the retina. As we age, the vitreous slowly shrinks or liquifies, and these fibres pull on the retinal surface. Usually the fibres break, allowing the vitreous to separate and shrink from the retina. This is a vitreous detachment which occurs towards inside. 

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Snyder's test tell us the:

 # Snyder's test tell us the: (AIPG-96)

a) Exact nature of microorganisms

b) Combined acidogenic nature of microorganisms

c) Enamel dissolving capacity of saliva

d) All of the above

The correct answer is B. Combined acidogenic nature of microorganisms

Snyder test measures the ability of the salivary microorganisms to form organic acids from a carbohydrate medium. In this test the glucose agar medium contains an indicator dye "Bromocresol green" which changes color from green to yellow in the range of PH 5.4 to 3.8

 

Colour observations in snyder test:- 

24 hrs	48 hrs	72 hrs
If yellow marked caries susceptibility	If yellow  definate caries susceptibility	If yellow  limited caries susceptibility
If green continue to incubate and observe at 48 hrs	If green continue to incubate and observe at 72 hrs	If green caries inactive

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Caries activity in very young children is evaluated by:

 # The valuable test for evaluating caries activity in very young children: (KCET-10)

a) Lactobacillus colony count test

b) Swab test

c) Alban test

d) Colorimetric Snyder test

The correct answer is B. Swab Test.

Swab test was developed by Grainger et al. It has an advantage over the other tests in that no collection of saliva is necessary. So it is valuable in evaluating caries activity in very young children.

 Procedure:

The oral flora is sampled by swabbing the buccal surfacesof the teeth with a cotton applicator, and the sample is subsequently incubated in the medium. The change in pH following a 48-hour incubation period is either read on a pH meter or read by the use of a color indicator.

 Principle:

Same as Snyder test

INTERPRETATION
pH	Caries activity
<= 4.1	Marked caries activity
4.2 to 4.4	Active
4.5 to 4.6	Slightly active
> 4.6	Caries inactive

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The visual sense has maximum acuity at:

 # The visual sense has maximum acuity at :

A. Ora serrata

B. Optic disc

C. Macula lutea

D. Fovea centralis

The correct answer is D. Fovea Centralis.

At the posterior pole of the eye, 3 mm lateral to the optic disc there is another depression of similar size called the macula lutea. It is avascular and yellow in color. The center of the macula is further depressed to form the fovea centralis. This is the thinnest part of the retina. It contains cones only and it is the site of maximum visual acuity. 

The rods and cones are the light receptors of the eye. The rods contain a pigment called visual purple. They can respond to dim light (Scotopic vision). The periphery of the retina contains only rods, but the fovea centralis contains no rods. The cones can only respond to bright light (photopic vision) and are sensitive to color. The fovea centralis has only cones. 

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