Inducing Omission in Behavior management

#  You are treating a child patient. In the process of managing behavior of your patient you plan to induce omission, which refers to:

A. Pleasant consequence following a response

B. Withdrawal of an unpleasant stimulus after a response

C. Removal of a pleasant stimulus after a particular response

D. Presentation of an unpleasant  stimulus after a response

The correct answer is C. Removal of a pleasant stimulus after a particular response

Omission

Also called as ‘timed-out’, involves removal of pleasant stimulus after a particular response. For example if a child who throws temper tantrum has his favorite toy taken away for a short time as a consequence of this behavior, the probability of similar behavior is decreased. Because children are likely to regard attention by others as a very pleasant stimulus, withholding attention following undesirable behavior is use of omission that is likely to reduce the unwanted behavior.

Reference: Pedodontics Practice and Management, Badrinatheswar GV, First Edition 2010 Page no: 101

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Structures passing through foramen ovale are all EXCEPT:

 # All of the following structures pass through foramen ovale except:

(a) Mandibular nerve

(b) Anterior division of middle meningeal artery

(c) Lesser superficial petrosal nerve

(d) Emissary vein connecting pterygoid venous plexus to cavernous sinus

The correct answer is B. Anterior division of middle meningeal artery.

Foramen ovale contents: (Mnemonic: MALE)

(i) Mandibular nerve.

(ii) Accessory middle meningeal artery.

(iii) Lesser petrosal nerve.

(iv) Emissary vein: connecting the pterygoid venous plexus to the cavernous sinus.

Reference: TEXTBOOK OF ANATOMY HEAD, NECK AND BRAIN, Volume III, 2nd Edition Vishram Singh, Page No.  320

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Area of the lateral aspect of skull that overlies the anterior division of middle meningeal artery:

 # The area of the lateral aspect of skull that overlies the anterior division of middle meningeal artery is called:

(a) Bregma

(b) Asterion

(c) Pterion

(d) Inion

The correct answer is C. Pterion.

The region in the anterior part of the temporal fossa where four bones (frontal, parietal, squamous temporal, and greater wing of the sphenoid) meet to form an H-shaped suture is called pterion. It is situated 4 cm above the midpoint of the zygomatic arch.

The pterion overlies the anterior division of middle meningeal artery, which ruptures following a blow in this region to form an extradural hematoma (a clot formation between the skull bone and the dura mater). The clot, if big, may compress the brain leading to unconsciousness or even death. Therefore, it should be removed as early as possible by trephination or craniotomy.

Reference: TEXTBOOK OF ANATOMY HEAD, NECK AND BRAIN, Volume III, 2nd Edition Vishram Singh, Page No.  18

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Bones of the skull which permit free movement are all except:

 # Bones of the skull which permit free movement are all except:

(a) Mandible

(b) Malleus

(c) Incus

(d) Vomer

The correct answer is D. Vomer.

The vomer is involved in all three types of Le Fort fractures of midfacial skeleton. The vomer is paper thin. A transverse fracture of vomer due to direct blow on the nose leads to deviated nasal septum (DNS).

Reference: TEXTBOOK OF ANATOMY HEAD, NECK AND BRAIN, Volume III, 2nd Edition Vishram Singh, Page No. 40

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Sternocleidomastoid divides the neck into:

 # Sternocleidomastoid divides the neck into which cervical triangles?

(a) Medial and lateral

(b) Superior and inferior

(c) Anterior and posterior

(d) Proximal and distal

The correct answer is C. Anterior and Posterior.

The neck is conventionally divided into various triangles. The sternocleidomastoid muscle transects the side of neck obliquely on each side and divides it into anterior and posterior cervical triangles.

Reference: TEXTBOOK OF ANATOMY HEAD, NECK AND BRAIN, Volume III, 2nd Edition Vishram Singh, Page No. 10

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Most prominent part of occipital regions of the head:

 # The most prominent part of occipital regions of the head is called:

(a) Inion

(b) Opisthocranion

(c) Superior nuchal lines

(d) Basion

The correct answer is B. Opisthocranion.

The occipital region is an area of cranium behind the parietal eminences, and above the external occipital protuberance and superior nuchal lines.

The most prominent point in the occipital region is called opisthocranion or occiput. The external occipital protuberance can be felt in the median line just above the nuchal furrow. The superior nuchal line, one on either side of external occipital protuberance, runs laterally with its convexity facing upwards. The soft tissue covering frontal, parietal, and occipital regions forms the scalp.

Reference: TEXTBOOK OF ANATOMY HEAD, NECK AND BRAIN, Volume III, 2nd Edition Vishram Singh, Page No. 2

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The smooth elevated area between the eyebrows is called:

 # The smooth elevated area between the eyebrows is called:

A. Bregma

B. Glabella

C. Nasion

D. Medial canthus

The correct answer is B. Glabella.

The smooth nonhairy elevated area between the eyebrows is called glabella, which tends to be flat in children and adult females, and forms a rounded prominence in adult males. Indian married Hindu females apply bindi at this site to enhance their beauty. It is important to note that the pineal gland lies about 7 cm behind the glabella. The prominence of forehead, the frontal eminence is evident on either side above the eyebrow. The frontal prominence is typically more pronounced in children and adult females.

Reference: TEXTBOOK OF ANATOMY HEAD, NECK AND BRAIN, Volume III, 2nd Edition Vishram Singh, Page No. 2

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