A patient presents with anterior crowding as a result of large size of teeth in comparison to the base of mandible. This will be classified as:

 # A patient presents with anterior crowding as a result of large size of teeth in comparison to the base of mandible. This will be classified as: (AIIMS PG 2020)

A. Primary Crowding

B. Secondary Crowding

C. Tertiary crowding

D. Third degree crowding

The correct answer is A. Primary Crowding.

Explanation:

Primary Crowding refers to crowding that arises due to a disproportion between the size of the teeth and the size of the jawbones. In this case, the patient has large teeth relative to a smaller mandible, leading to anterior crowding. This is often genetic in origin and present even before all permanent teeth have erupted.

Secondary Crowding typically develops later, often due to factors like premature loss of primary teeth, leading to mesial migration of posterior teeth and a reduction in arch length for the erupting permanent teeth.

Tertiary Crowding (also known as late adult crowding) usually occurs in late adolescence or early adulthood, often involving the lower anterior teeth, and its exact etiology is multifactorial but can involve late mandibular growth, mesial drift, and eruption of third molars.

Third-degree crowding is not a standard classification of crowding etiology; rather, crowding is often quantified as mild, moderate, or severe, sometimes with degrees (e.g., in millimeters of discrepancy), but not as "first, second, or third degree" in terms of cause. 

Anterior inclined plane (Catlan’s appliance) cannot be used in the following cases EXCEPT:

 # Anterior inclined plane (Catlan’s appliance) cannot be used in the following cases EXCEPT:

A. Posterior open bite

B. Class I with anterior flaring

C. Severe class III with reverse overjet

D. Anterior open bite

The correct answer is A. Posterior open bite.

The Catlan's appliance's mechanism of action involves disoccluding the posterior teeth, which is functionally similar to a posterior open bite. Therefore, an existing posterior open bite does not inherently prevent the appliance from being used to correct a co-existing anterior crossbite.

The most common contraindications for Catlan's appliance are:

1. Existing anterior open bite

2. Periodontally compromised mandibular anterior teeth

3. Cases where further proclination of maxillary anterior teeth is undesirable (e.g., severe anterior flaring if the goal is to reduce it).

4. Severe skeletal discrepancies.

Comparing the options:

• A. Posterior open bite: Not a direct contraindication for using Catlan's, but Catlan's doesn't treat it and could lead to anterior open bite.

• B. Class I with anterior flaring: Catlan's causes flaring, so contraindication if flaring is the problem.

• C. Severe class III with reverse overjet: Catlan's is not for severe skeletal problems.

• D. Anterior open bite: Strong contraindication.

The question is effectively asking for the case where it can be used. If the question implies that the appliance is generally contraindicated in all but one of the listed situations.

Given that Catlan's appliance creates an anterior bite plane, which effectively creates a temporary posterior open bite to allow the anterior crossbite correction, a pre-existing posterior open bite is not an absolute contraindication in the same way an anterior open bite is. It simply means the appliance isn't addressing the posterior open bite.

Therefore, the most logical answer as the "EXCEPT" case (where it can be used, or is not contraindicated) is A.

 

Salary Analysis of Bachelor of Dental Surgery (BDS) Graduates and General Dentists Worldwide

The Bachelor of Dental Surgery (BDS) degree is a professional undergraduate program that prepares graduates to become licensed dentists, focusing on oral health, diagnosis, and treatment of dental conditions. General dentists, typically BDS graduates or those with equivalent qualifications like Doctor of Dental Surgery (DDS) or Doctor of Dental Medicine (DMD), form the backbone of dental care worldwide. This article provides a comprehensive overview of the salaries of BDS graduates and general dentists across various countries, highlighting average, top, and minimum salaries, and the factors influencing these earnings.

Overview of BDS Graduates and General Dentists

BDS graduates are trained to perform a wide range of dental procedures, including cleanings, fillings, extractions, and patient education on oral health. After completing their degree, they may work as general dentists in private practices, public hospitals, or academic institutions, or pursue further specialization through programs like Master of Dental Surgery (MDS). Salaries for BDS graduates and general dentists vary significantly based on factors such as geographic location, experience, work setting (public vs. private), and additional qualifications.

The global demand for dental professionals is rising due to increased awareness of oral health, an aging population, and advancements in dental technology. However, salary disparities exist across countries due to differences in economic conditions, healthcare systems, and cost of living. Below, we explore the salary landscape for BDS graduates and general dentists worldwide, with specific data for key countries where available.

Periodontology MCQs - Flap and Mucogingival Surgery

# Granulation tissue is replaced by connective tissue in:
A. 7 days
B. 14 days
C. 21 days
D. 1 month

# In guided tissue regeneration technique for root coverage, the titanium reinforced membrane was used to create space beneath the membrane by:
A. Tinti and Vincenzi
B. Pini Prato and Tonetti
C. Ramjford and Nissle
D. Widman and Cohen

Primary immunoglobulin secreted or activated after vaccination:

# Primary immunoglobulin secreted or activated after vaccination:

A. IgM

B. IgA

C. IgG

D. IgE

The primary immunoglobulin secreted or activated after vaccination is:

C. IgG

Explanation:

IgG is the most abundant antibody in blood and extracellular fluid, making up ~75% of serum immunoglobulins. It is the key effector of the secondary immune response (activated after initial exposure or vaccination).

IgM is produced first during the primary immune response but is short-lived. Vaccination typically aims to induce long-term immunity via IgG.

IgA is important for mucosal immunity (e.g., respiratory/gut lining) but is not the dominant systemic response to vaccines.

IgE is associated with allergies/parasitic infections and plays no significant role in vaccine-induced immunity.

According to Clark’s rule for localization of object, if tube is shifted mesially to original angulation:

# According to Clark’s rule for localization of object, if tube is shifted mesially to original angulation:

A. Buccal objects move mesially

B. Lingual objects move mesially

C. Both buccal and lingual objects move distally

D. Both buccal and lingual objects move mesially

Correct answer: B. Lingual objects move mesially

According to Clark’s rule (also known as the SLOB rule—Same Lingual, Opposite Buccal) for object localization in dental radiography, when the X-ray tube is shifted mesially while maintaining the original angulation:

Buccal objects (those closer to the cheek) move in the opposite direction of the tube shift, so they move distally.

Lingual objects (those closer to the tongue) move in the same direction as the tube shift, so they move mesially.

Given the options:

A. Buccal objects move mesially: Incorrect, as buccal objects move distally.

B. Lingual objects move mesially: Correct, as lingual objects follow the tube shift direction.

C. Both buccal and lingual objects move distally: Incorrect, as lingual objects move mesially.

D. Both buccal and lingual objects move mesially: Incorrect, as buccal objects move distally.

All of the following are the features of dysplasia EXCEPT:

# All of the following are the features of dysplasia EXCEPT: 

A. Enlarged nuclei and cells

B. Increased nuclear to cytoplasmic ratio

C. Hypochromatic nuclei

D. Pleomorphic nuclei and cells

The correct answer is C. Hypochromatic nuclei.

Explanation: Dysplasia is characterized by abnormal cellular changes, including enlarged nuclei and cells, increased nuclear to cytoplasmic ratio, and pleomorphic nuclei and cells (variation in size and shape). These are all hallmark features of dysplasia. However, hypochromatic nuclei (nuclei with reduced staining, appearing pale) are not typically associated with dysplasia. Instead, dysplastic cells often have hyperchromatic nuclei (darkly staining due to increased DNA content), which is a key feature of the condition.