Final stage of tooth development

 # What is the final stage of tooth development?

a. Crown formation.

b. Root formation and eruption.

c. Function.

d. Dentinogenesis and amelogenesis.

The correct answer is C. Function.

Crown formation is followed by root formation and eruption. Root formation and eruption are followed by function. Function is the final stage of tooth development. Dentinogenesis and amelogenesis are followed by crown formation.

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The ‘ugly duckling stage’ is characterized by:

 # The ‘ugly duckling stage’ is characterized by:

A. Distoangular axial inclination of the crown of maxillary incisors

B. Deep overbite

C. Mandibular lateral incisors erupting lingual to mandibular central incisors

D. Maxillary lateral incisors erupting lingual to maxillary central incisors

The correct answer is A. Distoangular axial inclination of the crown of maxillary incisors.

In some children, the maxillary incisors flare laterally and are widely spaced when they first erupt, a condition often called the "ugly duckling" stage. The position of the incisors tends to improve when the permanent canines erupt, but this condition increases the possibility that the canines will become

impacted.

Ref: Contemporary Orthodontics, Proffit, Fourth Edition, Page no. 101

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Opening of submandibular gland duct:

 # The opening of submandibular gland duct into oral cavity is at:

A. Maxillary Second molar

B. Mandibular third molar

C. Dorsum of tongue

D. Sublinugual caruncle

The correct answer is D. Sublingual caruncle.

Submandibular duct or Warthin's duct is 5 cm long, emerges from submandibular gland and in its course runs on the hyoglossus between lingual and hypoglossal nerve and opens at the sublingual papilla at the side of frenum of tongue.

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Excess height of the posterior palatal seal

 # Excess height of the posterior palatal seal of a complete maxillary denture will usually result in which of the following?

A. Gagging

B. Increased retention

C. A tingling or tickling sensation

D. Unseating of the denture

The correct answer is D. Unseating of the denture.

Over contouring or excessive beading of the posterior palatal seal causes too much pressure to be exerted on the palatal tissues resulting in the unseating of upper dentures.

The posterior palatal seal is typically placed approximately on the vibrating line between the hard and soft palate and provides a physiologically acceptable tissue pressure within the compressible portion of the soft palate to attain retention and peripheral seal.

Over extending the coverage of seal will cause gaggling and painful swallowing for the part of the patient. 

Oral manifestation of Achondroplasia

 # An outstanding oral manifestation of achondroplasia is:

A. Rampant caries

B. Periodontal disease

C. Overcrowding of teeth

D. Supernumerary teeth

The correct answer is C. Overcrowding of teeth.

Achondroplasia is the most common form of short-limb dwarfism. It occurs in all races and with equal frequency in males and females. An individual with achondroplasia has a disproportionate short stature -- the head is large and the arms and legs are short when compared to the trunk length. Other signs are a prominent forehead and a depressed bridge of the nose. Many of these children die during the first year of life. Deficient growth in the cranial base is evident in many children that survive.

Important: The maxilla may be small with the resultant crowding of the teeth.

Note: A Class III malocclusion is very common.

Remember: The oral manifestations of the following disorders in children:

• Gigantism: enlarged tongue, mandibular prognathism, teeth are usually tipped to the buccal or lingual side, owing to enlargement of the tongue. Roots may be longer than normal.

• Pituitary dwarfism: the eruption rate and the shedding of the teeth are delayed, clinical crowns appear smaller as do the roots of the teeth, the dental arch as a whole is smaller causing malocclusion, and the mandible is underdeveloped.

Chronic Lymphocytic thyroiditis refers to:

# Chronic Lymphocytic thyroiditis refers to:

a) Tuberculous thyroiditis 

b) Hashimoto's thyroiditis

c) Dequervain's thyroiditis 

d) Riedel's thyroiditis

The correct answer is B. Hashimoto's Thyroiditis.

Hashmimoto's thyroiditis:

• Most common type of thyroiditis

• Autoimmune; raised titres of thyroid antibodies.

• Mild hyperthyroidism may be present initially but hypothyroidism is inevitable.

• Characteristic 'bosselated' feel with soft, rubbery or firm in consistency; Hurthle cells present.

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MCQs on Oral Pre-cancer and Oral Cancer - Oral Medicine and Radiology

# The current “gold standard” for predicting the malignant potential of the precancerous lesions is the:
A. presence & degree of dysplasia
B. presence of candidal hyphae
C. presence of red areas in the lesion
D. site of the lesions

# Which of the following viruses is not an oncovirus?
A. Herpes Simplex Virus
B. Human Papilloma Virus
C. Varicella zoster Virus
D. Epstein Barr Virus

# Which type of inflammatory cells predominate in the infiltrate of invasive carcinoma?
A. Monocyte
B. T lymphocyte
C. CD 8 lymphocyte
D. Langerhan's cell

# The fixation of lymph nodes to adjacent tissues in cases of malignancy is due to:
A. Secondary infection
B. protective mechanism of body
C. invasion of malignant cells through capsule
D. matting of lymph nodes

# Which of the following is not a Tumor suppressor gene?
A. p53
B. p161NK4A
C. bcl – 2
D. FHIT (fragile histidine triad)

# A tumor classified as T1 N2 M0 belongs to which stage?
A. Stage 1
B. Stage 2
C. Stage 3
D. Stage 4

# Which is the preferred method of biopsy in case of a malignant involvement of lymph node?
A. Fine needle aspiration
B. Incisional biopsy
C. Excisional biopsy
D. No biopsy

# Leukoplakia in which of the following sites poses high risk comparatively?
A. Gingiva
B. Buccal mucosa
C. Floor of the mouth
D. Palate

# Which of the following statements is true regarding the effects of hyperfractionation of radiation therapy?
A. Chronic complications are more
B. Acute complications are more
C. Acute complications are more & chronic complications are less
D. Both, acute & chronic complications are less

# Which of the following tumors are highly sensitive to radiation therapy?
A. Well differentiated squamous cell carcinoma
B. Malignant lesion with bone invasion
C. Mucosal lesions
D. Lesions with extensive node involvement

# Which of the statements given below is true?
A. Leukoplakia in nonsmokers has a greater risk for malignant transformation than leukoplakia of smokers
B. Alcohol consumption alone can be associated with an increased risk of developing leukoplakia
C. Invasion of dysplastic epithelial cells is seen in basement membrane zone in Carcinoma in situ
D. Verrucous leukoplakia is usually seen in older adults


# Which of the following investigative procedures is gold standard for achieving the diagnosis in case of a oral leukoplakia?
A. Toluidine blue staining
B. Brush biopsy
C. Cytosmear
D. Biopsy

# Choose the correct sequence. The risk of malignant conversion of oral leukoplakias in decreasing order is:
A. Homogenous – verrucous – speckled
B. Verrucous – homogenous – speckled
C. Speckled – homogenous – verrucous
D. Speckled – verrucous – homogenous

# Bowen?s disease mimics which of the following lesions
A. Erythroplakia
B. Leukoplakia
C. Verrucous carcinoma
D. Traumatic keratosis

# Erythroplakic lesion of oral cavity mimics all of the following lesions except:
A. Denture stomatitis
B. Vascular lesion
C. Syphilitic patch
D. Inflammatory lesion

# Which of the following diseases has the highest malignant transformation rate?
A. Leukoplakia
B. Erythroplakia
C. Oral Lichen planus
D. Oral submucous fibrosis

# Widely accepted etiological factor in case of oral submucous fibrosis is:
A. Areca Nut
B. Tobacco
C. Chillies
D. Vitamin deficiency

# Which of the following is not a premalignant condition?
A. Oral lichen planus
B. Oral submucous fibrosis
C. Xeroderma pigmentosum
D. Cheilitis granulomatosa

# Exposure to ultraviolet rays, particularly from sun light causes all of the following lesions except:
A. Basal cell carcinoma
B. Actinic keratosis
C. Adenoid cystoc carcinoma
D. Malignant melanoma

# Which of the following is an antioxidant that is used in the chemoprevention of oral cancer?
A. Iron
B. Bleomycin
C. Methotrexate
D. Selenium

# Which stage of syphilis is a pre-disposing condition to oral cancer?
A. Primary stage
B. Secondary stage
C. Tertiary stage
D. Syphilis is not a predisposing condition to oral cancer

# Malignant transformation rate of oral leukoplakia globally is:
A. 18 - 20 %
B. 3 - 6 %
C. 0 - 1 %
D. 0.5 - 0.1 %

# Presence of multiple pre-malignant lesions in oral cavity is aptly called as:
A. Premalignant condition
B. Field cancerization
C. Immunocompromised
D. Premalignant syndrome

# “Ebbing tide type” leukoplakias are described in which part of oral cavity?
A. Buccal Mucosa
B. Gingiva
C. Vestibule
D. Floor of mouth

# “Eliptical rima Oris” is a clinical feature of:
A. Oral Submucous fibrosis
B. Oral lichen planus
C. Oral cancer
D. Oral erythroplakia

# Spindle cell carcinoma is also known as Carcino-sarcoma because:
A. it is a combination of carcinoma & sarcoma
B. Sarcoma occurs in a carcinomatous tissue later
C. presence of Spindle shaped cells gives false appearance of sarcoma
D. it is a lesion which can metastasize in both blood & lymphatics

# In vital staining technique using toluidine blue for detection of oral precancer & cancer __________ acid is used.
A. 4% hydrochloric acid
B. 1% Sulphuric acid
C. 1% Acetic acid
D. 10% Formic acid

# Which of the following variety of oral cancer has slow growth & rarely metastasizes?
A. Verrucous carcinoma
B. Melanocarcinoma
C. Adenocarcinoma
D. Carcinosarcoma

# Which are the two more parameters that were later added to TNM system of staging?
A. Age and sex
B. Age and Site
C. Site and pathology
D. Sex and pathology

# One of the following clinical features is not seen in Oral sub mucous fibrosis:
A. Xerostomia
B. Pain in ear
C. Excessive salivation
D. Enlarged uvula

# “Ribbon like” epithelium is seen in which of the following diseases histopathologically?
A. Oral Lichen planus
B. Oral Submucous Fibrosis
C. Verrucous carcinoma
D. Leukoplakia

# Deficiency of which vitamin can induce metaplasia & keratinisation of certain epithelial structures leading to oral leukoplakias?
A. Vit. A
B. Vit. C
C. Vit. D
D. Vit. K

# Muscle degeneration is seen which of the following precancerous conditions?
A. Lichen planus
B. Oral submucous fibrosis
C. Discoid Lupus erythematosus
D. Xerostomia pigmentosum

# In radiation therapy, deep seated lesions are usually irradiated with:
A. X ray photon
B. Electron
C. Neutron
D. Proton

# Radioisotopes are used in which of the following treatment procedures of cancer?
A. Teletherapy
B. Chemotherapy
C. Brachytherapy
D. Immunotherapy

# Most of the ____________ carcinomas of oro-facial region spread by local infiltration, or perineural invasion or hematogenous spread and less commonly through lymphatics.
A. Melano
B. Adeno
C. Basal
D. Neuro

# Which of the following adeno-carcinomas have a capsule?
A. Acinic cell carcinoma
B. Clear cell carcinoma
C. Adenoid cystic carcinoma
D. Mucoepidermoid carcinoma

# Which of the following malignancies has the highest incidence of metastasizing to jaws?
A. Thyroid
B. Breast
C. Prostate
D. Renal

# Intra epithelial carcinoma is a:
A. Pre-cancerous lesion
B. Squamous cell carcinoma
C. Lesion which can metastasize to different epithelia
D. Aggressive lesion

# Chemotherapy is used to treat oral malignancies in:
A. order to cure the lesion completely
B. advanced disease & recurrent tumors
C. order to control primary tumor
D. adjuvant with immunotherapy

MCQs in Endodontics - Disinfection and Obturation

# Obturation of a root canal should achieve:
A. Tug back
B. Hermetic seal
C. Fluid free seal
D. All of the above

# The purpose of a root canal sealer is to:
A. seal the tubules of the dentine
B. stimulate healing in periapical region
C. prevent discoloration
D. fill the space between solid core material and pulp canal walls

MCQs in Periodontology - Periodontal Instrumentation

# All of the following are contraindications for root planing except:
A. deficient or overhanging margins of amalgam restorations
B. erosion and/or abrasion
C. recession
D. root caries

# While sharpening curettes and sickles, the internal angle of ________ must be preserved between the face and lateral surface.
A. 50-60
B. 60-70
C. 70-80
D. 80-90

MCQs in Oral Radiology - Biological Effects of Radiation

# Which of the following are most sensitive to X ray?
A. Tooth buds and salivary glands
B. Nerve and muscle tissue
C. Hair and nails
D. Cartilage

# The most radiosensitive cells in the body are:
A. Endothelial cells
B. Epithelial cells
C. Red blood cells
D. White blood cells

MCQs in Periodontology - Gingivitis

# A thin bluish line around the gingival margin is due to the absorption of:
A. Silver
B. Mercury
C. Drugs like Tetracycline
D. Lead

# McCall's festoons are:
A. also called Stillman's clefts
B. due to poor oral hygiene
C. Congenital abnormality
D. Due to trauma from occlusion

MCQs on Growth and Development - Orthodontics

# Growth site of the mandible is in the :

A. Body
B. Condylar cartilage
C. Coronoid process
D. Ramus

# Maxilla develops by :
A. Endochondral bone formation
B. Intramembranous bone formation
C. cartilage replacement and intramembranous bone formation
D. mostly cartilage replacement and a little by intramembranous

MCQs on Development of Dentition - Orthodontics

# In children, median diastema between maxillary permanent incisors closes with the eruption of:
A. Maxillary permanent first premolars
B. Maxillary permanent lateral incisors
C. Maxillary permanent canines
D. Maxillary permanent second molars

# The average "Leeway space" available in each half of the maxilla is approximately:
A. 0.9 mm
B. 2.9 mm
C. 4.0 mm
D. 6.9 mm

MCQs on Child Psychology - Pedodontics

# Most realistic approach in managing a difficult child in dental clinic is:
A. Disregard the behavior of child
B. Make child familiar with clinical atmosphere
C. Physical methods to make child accept the treatment
D. None of the above

# Hand over mouth exercise (HOME) is effective behavioral modification technique in the age group of:
A. 3 to 6 years
B. Under 3 years
C. 6 to 9 years
D. Above 9 years

MCQs on Removable Partial Dentures : Introduction and Classification

# Class IV Kennedy classification is:
A. Bilateral edentulous area located posterior to the remaining natural teeth
B. Unilateral edentulous area located posterior to the remaining natural teeth
C. Unilateral edentulous area with natural teeth remaining both anterior and posterior to it
D. A single but bilateral (crossing the midline) edentulous area located anterior to the remaining natural teeth

# A distal extension partial denture receives its support :
A. From terminal abutments
B. Equally from abutments and the residual ridges
C. Mostly from residual ridge
D. Exclusively from residual ridge

MBBS / BDS Medical Entrance Examination - Reproductive System MCQs

# Cowper's gland is a:
A. Male Sex Gland
B. Female Sex Gland
C. A kind of endocrine gland
D. A kind of digestive gland

# Cowper's gland is present in:
A. Frog
B. Earthworm
C. Cockroach
D. Rabbit

MBBS / BDS Medical Entrance Examination - MCQs on Sense Organs

# Acoustic spot in each ampulla of human ear is known as:
A. Otolith
B. Organ of Corti
C. Crista
D. Macula

# In internal ear, sensory pathces are situated in:
A. membranous labyrinth
B. cochlea
C. stapedial plate
D. Fenestra ovalis

MBBS / BDS Medical Entrance Examination - Nervous System MCQs

# Longest Cranial Nerve is:
A. Occulomotor
B. Vagus
C. Abducent
D. Occipital

# Number of cranial nerve in rabbit is ____ pairs.
A. 9
B. 10
C. 11
D. 12

# The lobe of brain where visual stimuli are received and analysed is:
A. Frontal
B. Temporal
C. Parietal
D. Occipital

MBBS / BDS Medical Entrance Examination - Digestive System and Nutrition MCQs

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# Micelles are the bodies related to:
A. Secretion of hormones
B. Secretion of enzymes
C. Absorption of minerals
D. Absorption of fat

# Movements of circular muscles in the stomach is called
A. Digestion
B. Absorption
C. Excretion
D. Peristalsis

MCQs on Oral Manifestations of Systemic Diseases

# Delayed eruption of at least part of the dentition is a recognized feature of all of the following EXCEPT:
A. Rickets
B. Congenital Hyperthyroidism
C. Cleidocranial Dysplasia
D. Cherubism

# A five year old child presents with chronic bed wetting and bilateral loose deciduous first molars. His mother says that he wants to drink water several times during each night. Which of the following is the most likely diagnosis?
A. Hand-Schuller-Christian Disease
B. Marble bone Disease
C. Niemann Pick Disease
D. Polyostotic Fibrous Dysplasia