In detachment of retina, the separation is between the:

# In detachment of retina, the separation is between the:

A. Choroid and retina

B. Pigmented layer and layer of rods and cornea

C. Layer of rods and cones and external limiting membrane

D. Layer of nerve fibres and internal limiting membrane

 

The correct answer is B. Pigmented layer and layer of rods and cones.

In detachment of the retina, the outer pigmented layer remains attached to the choroid, but the remaining layers of the retina separate from the pigmented layer and are displaced inwards. 

Most of the eye's interior is filled with vitreous. There are millions of fine fibres intertwined within the vitreous that are attached to the surface of the retina. As we age, the vitreous slowly shrinks or liquifies, and these fibres pull on the retinal surface. Usually the fibres break, allowing the vitreous to separate and shrink from the retina. This is a vitreous detachment which occurs towards inside. 

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Snyder's test tell us the:

 # Snyder's test tell us the: (AIPG-96)

a) Exact nature of microorganisms

b) Combined acidogenic nature of microorganisms

c) Enamel dissolving capacity of saliva

d) All of the above

The correct answer is B. Combined acidogenic nature of microorganisms

Snyder test measures the ability of the salivary microorganisms to form organic acids from a carbohydrate medium. In this test the glucose agar medium contains an indicator dye "Bromocresol green" which changes color from green to yellow in the range of PH 5.4 to 3.8

 

Colour observations in snyder test:- 

24 hrs	48 hrs	72 hrs
If yellow marked caries susceptibility	If yellow  definate caries susceptibility	If yellow  limited caries susceptibility
If green continue to incubate and observe at 48 hrs	If green continue to incubate and observe at 72 hrs	If green caries inactive

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Caries activity in very young children is evaluated by:

 # The valuable test for evaluating caries activity in very young children: (KCET-10)

a) Lactobacillus colony count test

b) Swab test

c) Alban test

d) Colorimetric Snyder test

The correct answer is B. Swab Test.

Swab test was developed by Grainger et al. It has an advantage over the other tests in that no collection of saliva is necessary. So it is valuable in evaluating caries activity in very young children.

 Procedure:

The oral flora is sampled by swabbing the buccal surfacesof the teeth with a cotton applicator, and the sample is subsequently incubated in the medium. The change in pH following a 48-hour incubation period is either read on a pH meter or read by the use of a color indicator.

 Principle:

Same as Snyder test

INTERPRETATION
pH	Caries activity
<= 4.1	Marked caries activity
4.2 to 4.4	Active
4.5 to 4.6	Slightly active
> 4.6	Caries inactive

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The visual sense has maximum acuity at:

 # The visual sense has maximum acuity at :

A. Ora serrata

B. Optic disc

C. Macula lutea

D. Fovea centralis

The correct answer is D. Fovea Centralis.

At the posterior pole of the eye, 3 mm lateral to the optic disc there is another depression of similar size called the macula lutea. It is avascular and yellow in color. The center of the macula is further depressed to form the fovea centralis. This is the thinnest part of the retina. It contains cones only and it is the site of maximum visual acuity. 

The rods and cones are the light receptors of the eye. The rods contain a pigment called visual purple. They can respond to dim light (Scotopic vision). The periphery of the retina contains only rods, but the fovea centralis contains no rods. The cones can only respond to bright light (photopic vision) and are sensitive to color. The fovea centralis has only cones. 

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