Eruption time of deciduous maxillary second molar is:

 # Eruption time of deciduous maxillary second molar is:

A. 18 months

B. 20 months

C. 24 months

D. 28 months

The correct answer is D. 28 months.

The range of time for the crowns of primary dentition to fully erupt is between 7 to 30 months, whereas crown formation of all primary teeth is completed by 12 months of age. The range of time for the crowns of permanent dentition to fully erupt is between 6 to 13 years, (except for third molar).

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The major connector of choice in a patient with high lingual frenum is:

 # The major connector of choice in a patient with high lingual frenum is:

A. Lingual bar

 B. Labial bar

C. Lingual plate

D. None of the above

The correct answer is C. Lingual plate.

Indications of Lingual plate mandibular major connector:

- When most posterior teeth are lost and additional indirect retention is required.

- When remaining teeth are not periodontally sound.

- When there is no space for lingual bar.

- Presence of inoperable mandibular tori.

- When patient has bilateral distal extension edentulous areas and resorbed ridges and when anterior teeth lack bony support.

- When one or more incisor teeth have to be replaced in the future. The lingual plate is preferred because additional teeth can be added by attaching retention loops to it.

- When there is excessive vertical ridge resorption in Kennedy’s class I cases to resist horizontal rotations.

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Polyene antibiotics exhibit their action on:

 # Polyene antibiotics exhibit their action on:

A. Cell membrane

B. Cell wall

C. Cell nucleus

D. Ribosomes

The correct answer is A. Cell Membrane.

Amphotericin, the polyenes antibiotics, have high affinity for ergosterol of fungal cell membranes to orient themselves to produce micropore through which ions, amino acids and water-soluble substances move out. It is not effective against bacteria as it does not contain sterol in their cell membrane. 

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Early bell stage is associated with:

 # Early bell stage is associated with:

A. Initiation

B. Proliferation

C. Histodifferentiation

D. Apposition

The correct answer is C. Histodifferentiation.

Morphologic stages and physiologic process related to each stage: 

• Dental lamina & Bud stage -Initiation 

• Cap stage -Proliferation 

• Early bell stage - Histodifferentiation 

• Advanced bell stage - Morpho-differentiation 

• Formation of enamel & dentin matrix - Apposition 

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