# The pathological state that alters the volume of distribution of many drugs is:

  # The pathological state that alters the volume of distribution of many drugs is:

A. Septicemia

B. Duodenal ulcers

C. Congestive heart failure

D. Hypertension

The correct answer is C. Congestive heart failure.

In congestive heart failure the volume distribution is often decreased by 40% and loading doses of drugs should be appropriately reduced. Drug clearance may also be diminished due to decreased blood flow to the liver and kidneys. 

The radiographic feature of sinusitis includes:

  # The radiographic feature of sinusitis includes:

A. Fluid levels

B. Erosion of bone

C. Clouding of antra

D. Clouding and fluid level

The correct answer is D. Clouding and fluid level.

Radiographic features of maxillary sinusitis: Water's view / Occipitomental 15° is the most valuable radiograph 

Odontogenic sinusitis: 

• Either totally opaque sinus or a fluid level 

Acute maxillary sinusitis: 

• Shows uniform opacity. Sometimes a fluid level is discernible. 

Chronic maxillary sinusitis: 

• Shows pansinusitis. 

• Presence of Fluid level 

• Thickened lining membrane 

• Opaque air space may enclose polyps associated with mucosal thickening 

• In case of presence of tooth or root, the characteristic outline is seen within the sinus. 

Widening of PDL with thickened lamina dura is often seen in:

  # Widening of PDL with thickened lamina dura is often seen in:

A. TFO

B. Chronic periodontitis

C. Apical periodontitis

D. Gingivitis

The correct answer is A. TFO.

Radiographic signs of trauma from occlusion may include the following: 

• Increased width of the periodontal space, often with thickening of the lamina dura along the lateral aspect of the root, in the apical region, and in bifurcation areas. 

• A "vertical" rather than "horizontal" destruction of the interdental septum. 

• Radiolucency and condensation of the alveolar bone. 

• Root resorption 

What percentage of the population is in class I occlusion?

  # What percentage of the population is in class I occlusion?

A. Less than 5 %

B. 25 %

C. 50 %

D. 70 %

The correct answer is D. 70 %.

Approximately 70% of the population is in class I occlusion. Approximately 25% of the population is in class II occlusion, and less than 5% of the population is in class III occlusion.