Primary immunoglobulin secreted or activated after vaccination:

# Primary immunoglobulin secreted or activated after vaccination:

A. IgM

B. IgA

C. IgG

D. IgE

The primary immunoglobulin secreted or activated after vaccination is:

C. IgG

Explanation:

IgG is the most abundant antibody in blood and extracellular fluid, making up ~75% of serum immunoglobulins. It is the key effector of the secondary immune response (activated after initial exposure or vaccination).

IgM is produced first during the primary immune response but is short-lived. Vaccination typically aims to induce long-term immunity via IgG.

IgA is important for mucosal immunity (e.g., respiratory/gut lining) but is not the dominant systemic response to vaccines.

IgE is associated with allergies/parasitic infections and plays no significant role in vaccine-induced immunity.

According to Clark’s rule for localization of object, if tube is shifted mesially to original angulation:

# According to Clark’s rule for localization of object, if tube is shifted mesially to original angulation:

A. Buccal objects move mesially

B. Lingual objects move mesially

C. Both buccal and lingual objects move distally

D. Both buccal and lingual objects move mesially

Correct answer: B. Lingual objects move mesially

According to Clark’s rule (also known as the SLOB rule—Same Lingual, Opposite Buccal) for object localization in dental radiography, when the X-ray tube is shifted mesially while maintaining the original angulation:

Buccal objects (those closer to the cheek) move in the opposite direction of the tube shift, so they move distally.

Lingual objects (those closer to the tongue) move in the same direction as the tube shift, so they move mesially.

Given the options:

A. Buccal objects move mesially: Incorrect, as buccal objects move distally.

B. Lingual objects move mesially: Correct, as lingual objects follow the tube shift direction.

C. Both buccal and lingual objects move distally: Incorrect, as lingual objects move mesially.

D. Both buccal and lingual objects move mesially: Incorrect, as buccal objects move distally.

All of the following are the features of dysplasia EXCEPT:

# All of the following are the features of dysplasia EXCEPT: 

A. Enlarged nuclei and cells

B. Increased nuclear to cytoplasmic ratio

C. Hypochromatic nuclei

D. Pleomorphic nuclei and cells

The correct answer is C. Hypochromatic nuclei.

Explanation: Dysplasia is characterized by abnormal cellular changes, including enlarged nuclei and cells, increased nuclear to cytoplasmic ratio, and pleomorphic nuclei and cells (variation in size and shape). These are all hallmark features of dysplasia. However, hypochromatic nuclei (nuclei with reduced staining, appearing pale) are not typically associated with dysplasia. Instead, dysplastic cells often have hyperchromatic nuclei (darkly staining due to increased DNA content), which is a key feature of the condition.

Renin secretion is stimulated by all EXCEPT:

# Renin secretion is stimulated by all EXCEPT:

A. Cardiac failure

B. Low Na+ in proximal tubule

C. Sympathetic stimulation

D. High Na+ in proximal tubule

The correct answer is D. High Na+ in proximal tubule.

Explanation: Renin secretion, primarily by the juxtaglomerular cells in the kidneys, is stimulated by factors that signal a need to increase blood pressure or sodium retention. These include:

A. Cardiac failure: Reduced cardiac output lowers renal perfusion, stimulating renin release to activate the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) to restore blood pressure.

B. Low Na+ in proximal tubule: Detected by the macula densa, low sodium levels signal reduced filtrate delivery, triggering renin secretion to promote sodium reabsorption and increase blood volume.

C. Sympathetic stimulation: Activation of the sympathetic nervous system, via beta-adrenergic receptors, directly stimulates renin release to address stress or low blood pressure.

D. High Na+ in proximal tubule, however, does not stimulate renin secretion. High sodium levels in the proximal tubule (or at the macula densa in the distal tubule) typically indicate adequate or excessive sodium delivery, suppressing renin release as there is no need to activate RAAS.