The first line drug for anaphylaxis is: (PSC - Lumbini 2083)

 # The first line drug for anaphylaxis is: (PSC - Lumbini 2083)

A. Diphenhydramine

B. Epinephrine

C. Hydrocortisone

D. Oxygen

The correct answer is B. Epinephrine.

Intramuscular epinephrine (typically 0.3 to 0.5 mg of a 1:1,000 solution injected into the anterolateral thigh) is the absolute first-line drug of choice. It acts as a physiological antagonist to systemic mediators of anaphylaxis, reversing peripheral vasodilation, reducing tissue edema, and inducing bronchodilation.

The first step in any medical emergency is: (PSC - Lumbini 2083)

The first step in any medical emergency is: (PSC - Lumbini 2083)

A. Call for help

B. Assess airway, breathing, circulation (ABC)

C. Administer drugs

D. Start CPR

The correct answer is B. Airway, breathing, circulation (ABC)

Current Basic Life Support (BLS) protocols dictate that upon identifying an unresponsive patient, the immediate first step is to call for help (activate emergency response), followed instantly by the primary assessment of Circulation, Airway, and Breathing (CAB in modern AHA guidelines, historically ABC).

The most common complication of oral surgery is: (PSC - Lumbini 2083)

 # The most common complication of oral surgery is: (PSC - Lumbini 2083)

A. Infection

B. Hemorrhage

C. Trismus

D. Nerve Injury

The correct answer is B. Hemorrhage.

While localized infections (such as alveolar osteitis) and trismus are frequent postoperative occurrences, minor to moderate hemorrhage is widely considered the most common immediate complication following routine exodontia and minor oral surgery, requiring proper local hemostatic management.

Dental treatment is safest in patients with stable angina at: (PSC - Lumbini 2083)

 # Dental treatment is safest in patients with stable angina  at: (PSC - Lumbini 2083)

A. Early morning

B. After lunch

C. Evening

D. Late night

The correct answer is A. Early morning

Scientific Rationale & Clinical Principles

In dental management of patients with cardiovascular diseases—specifically stable angina pectoris—appointment timing is a core component of the Stress Reduction Protocol (SRP).

1. Endogenous Cortisol & Stress Resistance

• Peak Cortisol Levels: Endogenous glucocorticoids (cortisol) peak in the early morning hours upon awakening. Higher baseline cortisol levels equip the patient to better tolerate physical and emotional stress without triggering excessive endogenous catecholamine (epinephrine/norepinephrine) surges that increase myocardial oxygen demand.

2. Minimization of Physical and Mental Fatigue

• Patients who are scheduled in the early morning are well-rested. As the day progresses, accumulation of daily physical exertion, work-related stress, and prolonged anticipation or anxiety regarding the dental appointment significantly increases sympathetic autonomic tone, lower the ischemic threshold, and predispose the patient to an anginal attack.

3. Reduced Waiting Room Anxiety

• Early morning appointments minimize wait times in the clinic reception area, reducing pre-procedural apprehension and anxiety-induced tachycardia or hypertension.

Key Stress Reduction Protocol (SRP) Components for Angina

Parameter	Recommended Clinical Protocol
Timing & Duration	Short, stress-free early morning appointments (typically <60 minutes).
Nitroglycerin Availability	Patient's own sublingual nitroglycerin (SL NTG) or spray must be placed on the dental tray within immediate reach before beginning treatment.
Pain & Anxiety Control	Excellent local anesthesia with aspiration; judicious use of vasoconstrictors (maximum 0.04 mg epinephrine, equivalent to 2 cartridges of 1:100,000 epinephrine or 4 cartridges of 1:200,000 epinephrine). Nitrous oxide/oxygen (N2O/O2) inhalation sedation is highly effective.
Pre-medication	Short-acting benzodiazepines (e.g., Triazolam 0.125 - 0.25  mg or Diazepam 5–10 mg) may be given the night before or 1 hour prior to the procedure if significant dental anxiety is present.
Vital Signs Monitoring	Baseline blood pressure and heart rate must be recorded prior to starting any invasive procedure.

Comparison of Other Options

• B. After lunch: Postprandial periods divert cardiac output to the splanchnic circulation (gastrointestinal tract) to facilitate digestion. Dental procedures performed immediately after a heavy meal can place additional hemodynamic demands on an already compromised myocardium.

• C. Evening: Cumulative daily fatigue and elevated autonomic baseline make the patient more susceptible to stress-induced angina.

• D. Late night: Associated with circadian fatigue, lack of staff availability for emergency resuscitation, and disrupted biological rhythm.