Blue black pigmentation of gingiva

# Blue black pigmentation of gingiva is seen with pre existing toxicity of:
A. Bismuth
B. Lead
C. Arsenic
D. Mercury

The correct answer is A. Bismuth

Bismuth pigmentation in the oral cavity usually appears as a narrow, bluish black 

discoloration of the gingival margin in areas of preexisting gingival inflammation.

Periodontal pocket

# A periodontal pocket of 8mm deep having the junctional epithelium coronal to the CEJ is:
A. An infrabony pocket
B. A pseudopocket
C. A true periodontal pocket
D. A furcation involvement

The correct answer is B. A pseudopocket

- Pseudopocket/ gingival pocket/relative or false pocket is formed by gingival enlargement without destruction of underlying periodontal tissues

- True/absolute /periodontal pocket is formed by destruction of supporting periodontal tissues and attachment loss.

 

- Suprabony/supracrestal/Supraalveolar pocket is formed when bottom of pocket is coronal to underlying alveolar bone

- Infrabony/intrabony/subcrestal /intra-alveolar is formed where bottom of pocket is apical to level to adjacent alveolar bone.

MCQs on Nerve Supply of Head and Neck

# All of the following are true of upper eyelid except:
A. Muscles which close the eyelid are supplied by the facial nerve
B. Muscles which open the eyelid are supplied by the branch of trigeminal nerve
C. Sensory supply is by the fifth cranial nerve
D. Blood supply is by the lacrimal and ophthalmic arteries

# Ptosis may occur due to damage to:
A. Trochlear nerve
B. Occulomotor
C. Trigeminal nerve
D. Superior oblique muscle

# Paralysis of upper eyelid is due to paralysis of:
A. III
B. IV
C. V
D. VII

Xeroderma pigmentosum is characterized by:

# Xeroderma pigmentosum is characterized by:
A. Autosomal dominant inheritance
B. Inability to repair sunlight induced damage to DNA
C. Irregular accumulation of melanin in the basal cell layer
D. Acanthosis of epithelium with elongation of rete pegs

The correct answer is B. Inability to repair sunlight induced damage to DNA

Xeroderma Pigmentosum
- Inherited disorder involving defective DNA repair genes.
- Increased risk for the development of cancers of the skin when exposed to the UV rays.
- UV light causes crosslinking of pyrimidine residues, thus preventing normal DNA replication.
- Such DNA damage is repaired by the nucleotide excision repair (NER) pathway. Several proteins and genes are involved in NER, and an inherited loss of any one can give rise to xeroderma pigmentosum.

Most common form of reversible cell injury is:

# The earliest and most common form of reversible cell injury is:
A. Cloudy swelling
B. Fatty degeneration
C. Hydropic changes
D. Necrosis

The correct answer is A. Cloudy swelling.

- Reversible cellular changes, cellular swelling, or fatty degeneration (cloudy) are the forms of reversible cell injury.

- Necrosis and apoptosis represent irreversible cell injury. 

Most reactive free radical is:

# Out of the various free radical species, the following radical is most reactive:
A. Superoxide (O2-)
B. Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2)
C. Hydroxyl (OH-)
D. Nitric oxide (NO)

The correct answer is C. Hydroxyl Ion (OH-)
Important mechanisms of cell injury are by damage to DNA, proteins, lipid membranes, and circulating lipids (LDL) by peroxidation caused by oxygen-derived free radicals- superoxide anion (O2-), hydroxyl radical (OH-) and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2). Hydroxyl ion is the most reactive.

Koch postulates were modified for periodontitis by:

# Koch postulates were modified for periodontitis by
(A). Socransky
(B). Glickman
(C). Carranza
(D). Orban

The correct answer is: A. Socransky