Goldenhar syndrome is:

 Goldenhar syndrome is:

A. Facial deformity, auricular abnormalities and vertebral deformity 

B. Facial deformity, auricular abnormalities, vertebral deformity and genital lesion 

C. Facial and auricular abnormalities only 

D. Auricular abnormalities only 

The correct answer is A. Facial deformity, auricular abnormalities and vertebral deformity.

Goldenhar syndrome or oculoauriculovertebral dysplasia is caused by abnormality in the vascular supply of the head. Hemifacial microsomia is second most common craniofacial anomaly, causing reduced growth and development of one half of the face. The mandible, maxilla, zygoma, external & middle ear, hyoid bone, parotid gland, 5th & 7th nerves, musculature and other soft tissues. When hemifacial microsomia is associated with vertebral abnormalities and epibulbar dermoids, it is known as Goldenhar syndrome. 

Cooley’s Anemia is also known as:

 # Cooley’s Anemia is also known as:

A. Sickle cell anemia

B. Alpha thalassemia

C. Beta thalassemia

D. Aplastic anemia

The correct answer is C. Beta Thalassemia.

Beta thalassaemia aka Thalassaemia major, Cooleys's anaemia: Beta-thalassaemia is inherited as an autosomal recessive pattern (homozygous). It is due to a mutation in the gene that causes either cause a total absence of beta-globin chain synthesis denoted as beta mutation or a reduced amount of beta-globin chain production denoted as beta mutation. Beta-thalassaemia major or Cooley's anaemia is the most severe form seen in individuals with a homozygous condition. These patients are severely anaemic and are transfusion dependent. 

Herald spots are seen in:

 # Herald spot is seen in:

A. Psoriasis

B. Erythema multiforme

C. Pityriasis rosea

D. Pemphigus 

The correct answer is C. Pityriasis rosea.

Pityriasis rosea is a common benign papulosquamous disease causing acute skin eruption of unknown etiology, often considered to be a viral exanthema. 

It is characterised by the appearance of superficial light red macules or papules, either generalised over most of the skin surface or localised to thighs, trunk, axillae or groin.

The individual exanthematous lesions are ovoid, with long axis parallel to the natural lines of cleavage of the skin, covered by thin, silvery scale. The generalised outbreak is preceded by primary lesion or herald spot, 7-10 days previously, that appears as bright red spot, 3-4 cm in diameter. 

Ketone bodies are normally synthesized from:

  # Ketone bodies are normally synthesized from:

A. Acetyl coA

B. Glucose

C. Glycerol

D. Acetone

The correct answer is: A. Acetyl coA.

Acetoacetic acid, O-hydroxybutyric acid and acetone are collectively called ketone bodies or acetone bodies, and the process of their formation is known as ketogenesis. Only the acetoacetic acid and acetone are the true ketones, while /3-hydroxybutyrate does not possess a keto group. The main site of ketogenesis is the liver. They are major fuel source of brain during prolonged starvation.

 Hydroxybutyryl-CoA and aceto acetyl-CoA are normally produced in penultimate step of beta oxidation. Aceto aceyl-CoA may also be formed from two molecules of acetyl-CoA. The synthesis of ketone bodies occur in liver in the mitochondrial matrix. Acetyl CoA, formed by oxidation of fatty acids, pyruvate and some other amino acids are the precursors for ketone bodies. HMG-CoA synthase is the regulatory enzyme in synthesis of ketone bodies. 

Which of the following is the most common developmental cyst?

  # Which of the following is the most common developmental cyst?

A. Nasopalatine cyst

B. Nasoalveolar cyst

C. Globulomaxillary cyst

D. Median palatal cyst

The correct answer is A. Nasopalatine cyst.

Nasopalatine duct cyst/Nasopalatine canal cyst/ Incisive canal cyst is most common non-odontogenic cyst. Its location is peculiar and specific in that it affects the midline anterior maxilla. 

Option B nasoalveolar cyst is a rare fissural cyst that arise at the junction of globular process, the lateral nasal process and the maxillary process. 

Option C globulomaxillary cyst is found within the bone at the junction of the globular portion of the medial nasal process, maxillary process, the globule maxillary fissure, usually between the maxillary lateral incisor and cuspid teeth. 

Condyloma acuminatum is associated with:

  # Condyloma acuminatum is associated with:

A. HPV

B. HHV 8

C. CMV

D. EBV

The correct answer is A. HPV.

Approximately 90% of condylomata acuminata are related to HPV types 6 and 11. These 2 types are the least likely to have a neoplastic potential. It is characterised by transmissible, autoinoculable soft pink nodules which proliferate and coalesce rapidly to form diffuse papillomatous clusters or as papillomatous, bulbous masses of varying sizes. Topical podophyllin may be used or surgical excision may be needed to treat the lesion. 

The term poikilokaryosis refers to :

 # The term poikilokaryosis refers to :

A. Alteration of nuclear cytoplasmic ratio

B. large, prominent nucleii

C. division of nuclei without division of cytoplasm

D. loss of polarity and disorientation of cells

The correct answer is C. Division of nuclei without division of cytoplasm.

Criteria for diagnosis of epithelial dysplasia in carcinoma include: 

• Increased abnormal mitoses 

• Individual cell keratinisation 

• Epithelial pearls in the spinous layer 

• Alterations in nuclear Cytoplasmic ratio 

• Loss of polarity and disorientation of cells 

• Hyper chromatism 

• Large nucleoli 

• Dyskaryosis or nuclear atypism including giant nuclei. 

• Poikilokarynosis or division of nuclei without division of cytoplasm 

• Basilar hyperplasia Individual cell keratinisation and epithelial pearl formation is absent in carcinoma in situ or intra epithelial carcinoma.